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The Playfair cipher uses a 5 by 5 table containing a key word or phrase.
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Playfair and cipher
As noted in " Have His Carcase ", he communicated at that time with British Intelligence using the Playfair cipher and became proficient in its use.
* Polygraphic substitution, schemes where pairs or triplets of plaintext letters are treated as units for substitution, rather than single letters ( for example, the Playfair cipher invented by Charles Wheatstone in the mid-19th century ).
Famously, a British Foreign Secretary is said to have rejected the Playfair cipher because, even if school boys could cope successfully as Wheatstone and Playfair had shown, ' our attachés could never learn it!
The Playfair cipher or Playfair square is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digraph substitution cipher.
The scheme was invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone, but bears the name of Lord Playfair who promoted the use of the cipher.
Despite its invention by Wheatstone, it became known as the Playfair cipher after Lord Playfair, who heavily promoted its use.
The first recorded description of the Playfair cipher was in a document signed by Wheatstone on 26 March 1854.
Playfair is now regarded as insecure for any purpose, because modern computers could easily break the cipher within seconds.
The first published solution of the Playfair cipher was described in a 19-page pamphlet by Lieutenant Joseph O. Mauborgne, published in 1914.
Playfair is also remembered for promoting a new cipher system invented by Charles Wheatstone, now known as the Playfair cipher.
Playfair cipher •
In 1914 he published the first recorded solution of the Playfair cipher.
In this way, each ciphertext character depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a digraphic cipher, like the Playfair cipher.
** four-square cipher ( related to Playfair )
* Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair ( 1818-1898 ), promoter of the Playfair cipher, manual symmetric encryption technique
Playfair and uses
Hilbert uses the Playfair axiom form, while Birkhoff, for instance, uses the axiom which says that " there exists a pair of similar but not congruent triangles.
Playfair and by
He was, along with the earlier John Playfair, the major advocate of James Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism, that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time.
Playfair describes Hutton as having noticed that “ a vast proportion of the present rocks are composed of materials afforded by the destruction of bodies, animal, vegetable and mineral, of more ancient formation ”.
Playfair later commented about the experience, " the mind seemed to grow giddy by looking so far into the abyss of time ".
Restatements of his geological ideas ( though not his thoughts on evolution ) by John Playfair in 1802 and then Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the concept of an infinitely repeating cycle, though Lyell tended to dismiss Hutton's views as giving too much credence to catastrophic changes.
Uniformitarianism was formulated by Scottish naturalists in the late 18th century, starting with the work of the geologist James Hutton, which was refined by John Playfair and popularised by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology in 1830.
Playfair later recalled that " the mind seemed to grow giddy by looking so far into the abyss of time ", and Hutton concluded a 1788 paper he presented at the Royal Society of Edinburgh, later rewritten as a book, with the phrase " we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.
Playfair went on to say how Grace had " pulverised fast bowling on chancy pitches " and had then " astonished the world " by his deeds during the 1895 " Indian Summer ".
It was translated from Czech into English by Paul Selver and adapted for the English stage by Nigel Playfair.
He was the author of the world's first radio play, Danger, commissioned from him for the BBC by Nigel Playfair and broadcast on January 15, 1924.
This system was broadly endorsed by Commissions chaired by Playfair ( 1874 ), Ridley ( 1886 ), MacDonnell ( 1914 ), Tomlin ( 1931 ) and Priestley ( 1955 ).
It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, in a neoclassical building designed by William Henry Playfair, and first opened to the public in 1859.
Gerald Playfair, an unarmed teenager and the son of the fort commander, was shot and killed by Garry Holohan as he ran to raise the alarm at Islandbridge Barracks.
* Old College, University of Edinburgh, ( 1788-onwards ) completed to an amended design by William Henry Playfair 1831
As with Gothic Revivalism, Scots Baronial architects frequently " improved " existing castles: Floors Castle was transformed in 1838 by William Playfair who added grand turrets and cupolas.
* Andrew Rutherfurd, Lord Rutherfurd a huge red granite pyramid, designed by the adjacent Playfair
His Traité elementaire de géologie ( Paris, 1809, also in English, by Henry de la Fite, the same year ) was principally intended as a refutation of James Hutton and John Playfair.
The Playfair system was invented by Charles Wheatstone, who first described it in 1854.
Playfair and .
A new opportunity arose in 1845, when he became assistant to Lyon Playfair at the new Museum of Economic Geology in London, where he became a close friend of Edward Frankland.
Hutton was one of the most influential participants in the Scottish Enlightenment, and fell in with numerous first-class minds in the sciences including John Playfair, philosopher David Hume and economist Adam Smith.
In the Spring of 1788 he set off with John Playfair to the Berwickshire coast and found more examples of this sequence in the valleys of the Tour and Pease Burns near Cockburnspath.
Under the tutelage of actor-manager Nigel Playfair, Whale worked as an actor, set designer and builder, " stage director " ( akin to a stage manager ) and director.
In 1922, while with Playfair, Whale met Doris Zinkeisen.
) have included Guy Lyon Playfair and Maurice Grosse, who investigated reports of the Enfield Poltergeist.
In the Spring of 1788 he took a boat trip along the Berwickshire coast with John Playfair and the geologist Sir James Hall, and found a dramatic unconformity showing the same sequence at Siccar Point.
Both Playfair and Hall wrote their own books on the theory, and for decades there was a robust debate between Hutton's supporters and the Neptunists.
As mentioned in Playfair, both MCC and Gloucestershire arranged special matches on Grace's birthday to commemorate his centenary.
* March 10 – John Playfair, Scottish scientist ( d. 1819 )
After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, amongst others, Lyon Playfair.
He was educated at Dollar Academy and the University of Edinburgh, where he studied under Lord Playfair, and later became Lord Playfair's assistant.
William Henry Playfair was commissioned to prepare designs, and on 30 August 1850, Prince Albert laid the foundation stone.
In the early 21st century, the Playfair Project saw the renovation of the Royal Scottish Academy Building and the construction of an underground connecting space between the Gallery and the Academy Building.
* Eileen Crowe as Mrs. Elizabeth Playfair
Playfair maintain a strong friendly relationship throughout the film-which represented the norm in what was then the Irish Free State.
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