* 1919 – Polish – Soviet War: The Polish army launches the Vilna offensive to capture Vilnius in modern Lithuania.

One of the senior Polish commanders on the day, Duke Bogusław Radziwiłł, wrote that the Polish army had had 80, 000 soldiers.

The Cossack army were well acquainted with this Polish style of war well, having much experience of fighting against the Poles and alongside them.

With their cavalry support gone, the Cossack wagon-fort, containing the vast bulk of the Cossack army now stood isolated on the battlefield, and in effect was under siege by the Polish army.

Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilize, which was sent to the Polish border.

However, this did not mean that the Polish army chose to attack tanks with horse cavalry.

Casimir the Great built many new castles ( including Wawel Castle ), reformed the Polish army and Polish civil and criminal law.

Throughout the late 1720s Eugene's influence and skilful diplomacy managed to secure the Emperor powerful allies in his dynastic struggles with the Bourbon powers ; but physically and mentally fragile in his later years Eugene enjoyed less success as commander-in-chief of the army during his final conflict, the War of the Polish Succession.

By September the Imperial forces under the Duke of Lorraine, together with a powerful Polish army under King John III Sobieski, were poised to strike the Sultan's army investing Vienna.

German dock workers went on strike, refusing to unload shipments of military supplies send from the West to aid the Polish army, and Poland realized the need for a port city it was in complete control of, economically and politically.

At the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ), the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Polish King John III Sobieski, decisively defeated a large Turkish army, ending the western colonial Ottoman advance and leading to the eventual dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.

The HRE army was half Polish / Lithuanian Commonwealth forces, mostly cavalry, and half Holy Roman Empire forces ( German / Austrian ), mostly infantry.

One exception was a military force of Poles from the Polish Legions that had fought in Napoleon's army.

Despite the significant resources mobilized and self-sacrifice of the participants, a series of missteps by several successive unwilling or incompetent chief commanders appointed by the Polish government ultimately led to the defeat of the insurgents by the Russian army.

Napoleon assembled the largest army Europe had ever seen, including troops from all submitted states, to invade Russia, which had just left the continental system and was gathering an army on the Polish frontier.

The decisive moment came when a combined Russian-Swedish army was routed by the Polish forces under hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski at the Battle of Klushino on.

* 1410 – Polish – Lithuanian – Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald – the allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order.

Since Poland was regarded as the East European state with the most powerful army, it became imperative to tie Poland to Britain as the best way of ensuring Polish support for Romania, since it was the obvious quid pro quo that Britain would have to do something for Polish security if the Poles were to be induced to do something for Romanian security.

A year later, Mieszko II stood at the head of Polish troops in the next war against the Emperor.

Frederick II of Prussia was elated with his success ; Prussia took most of the Polish Royal Prussia that stood between its possessions in the Kingdom of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg, taking Ermland ( Warmia ), Royal Prussia without the city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) ( which in 1773 became a new province called West Prussia ), northern areas of Greater Poland along the Noteć River ( the Netze District ), and parts of Kuyavia, ( also the Prussian city of Thorn ).

According to Nasarski, after police forces retreated from Bydgoszcz, agitated Polish civilians accused many Germans of assaulting Polish soldiers and executed them and any Poles who stood up in their defence.

Sweden also drew the rising Cossack Hetmanate to its side that stood in the strong opposition to the Polish government and promised military support if the Cossacks will break with the Russians.

This is often for historical reasons ( these Polish letters originally stood for different phonemes, which merged later ).

They stood for a revolutionary war against the Central Powers ; opposed the right of nations to self-determination ( specifically in the case of Poland, since there were many Poles in this communist group and they did not want a Polish capitalist state to be established ); and they generally took a voluntarist stance regarding the possibilities for social revolution at that time.

Ścieżyński surmises that the Soviets must likewise have intercepted Polish operational signals ; but he doubts that this would have availed them much since Polish cryptography " stood abreast of modern cryptography " and since only a small number of Polish higher headquarters were equipped with radio stations, of which there was a great shortage ; and finally, Polish headquarters were more cautious than the Russians and almost every Polish division had the use of a land line.

While Rokossovsky's forces stood stalled on the Vistula, the Warsaw Uprising ( August-October, 1944 ) broke out in the city, led by the Polish Home Army ( AK ) on the orders of the Polish government in exile in London.

During the Warsaw Uprising the Red Army stood on the other bank of the Vistula River and only elements from the Polish 1 Armia Wojska Polskiego attempted to make a crossing and received artillery support.

In the second game stood the Polish team Polonia Bytom for, where Elfsborg lost in both matches.

The Pawiak prison took its name from that of the street on which it stood, ulica Pawia ( Polish for " Peacock Street ").

The Presidential Palace ( in Polish, Pałac Prezydencki ; also known as Pałac Koniecpolskich, Lubomirskich, Radziwiłłów, and Pałac Namiestnikowski ) in Warsaw, Poland, is the elegant classicist latest version of a building that has stood on the Krakowskie Przedmieście site since 1643.

In 1965 Bertel Thorvaldsen's classicist equestrian statue of Prince Józef Poniatowski, which previously had stood before the now destroyed Polish General Staff building ( the " Saxon Palace ") on nearby Piłsudski Square ( once known as " Saxon Square "), was relocated to the courtyard before the " Viceroy's Palace.

It stood before the Polish General Staff building ( the Saxon Palace ) and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier within the Palace.

Piłsudski in his remarks on the war of 1919-20 cited some communication effort between Denikin and the government of Poland, where Denikin stood on a position of allowing the Polish Army into his ranks, " as obedient servants of the Empire ", which was understood by the Polish side as a sign that Denikin would not accept Polish independence and wanted to recreate Russia with the complete pre-First World War borders, encompassing Poland.

After the Communists took control in the 1940s Polish scholars were safer working on the Middle Ages and the early modern era rather than contemporary history.

The reciprocal influence between the French school and Polish historiography was particularly evident in studies on the Middle Ages and the early modern era studied by Braudel.

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

* Polish Americans-Polish cuisine, with particular impact on Midwest

The first were nearly all in the downtown of Buenos Aires ( el égido de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ), and soon Polish brewers began industrial production of beer: San Carlos in the province of Santa Fe, Río Segundo and Córdoba in the province of Córdoba, Quilmes ( Quilmes beer ) and Lavallol on the outskirts of La Plata ( in Buenos Aires Province ), San Miguel de Tucumán in the province of Tucumán and on the outskirts of the cities of Mendoza and Salta.

* 2010 – Polish Air Force Tu-154M crashes near Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 people on board including President Lech Kaczyński.

The marriage took place on 30 April or 16 October 1325 and was a purely political maneuver to strengthen the first Polish – Lithuanian coalition against the Teutonic Knights.

Russian is the most widely used language by Belarusians on the Internet, followed by Belarusian, English, and Polish.

Panzer forces were dispersed among the three German concentrations without strong emphasis on independent use, being used to create or destroy close pockets of Polish forces and seize operational-depth terrain in support of the largely un-motorized infantry which followed.

Steven Zaloga states: “ Whilst Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzers and Stuka attacks, they have tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery on Polish units.

British assurances to the Polish led the British Empire to declare war on Germany.

Adopting a relatively new tactic, Polish units built a fortified camp on the Hussite model consisting of wagons linked by a chain surrounded by a deep ditch ( tabor ).

Among the dead on the Polish side was Maciej Hagen from Danzig ( Gdańsk ).

" Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party on November 13, 1968, which stated:

Two months later, on 1 March 1978, Chaplin's coffin was dug up and stolen from its grave by two unemployed mechanics, Polish Roman Wardas and Bulgarian Gantcho Ganev, in an attempt to extort money from Chaplin's widow, Oona Chaplin.

SOHO's 2000th comet was discovered by Polish amateur astronomer Michał Kusiak on 26 December 2010, and the numbers are expected to continue rising steadily for the foreseeable future.

This arose from misreporting of a single clash on 1 September near Krojanty, when two squadrons of the Polish 18th Lancers armed with sabres scattered German infantry before being caught in the open by German armoured cars.

Another is the Maxwell Street Polish, a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.

Palmer noted the caste system prevalent amongst Polish people in the 20th century, in his essay on Austro-Hungarian life in comparison to life in continental Europe.

Unlike in many other Christian countries, St. Nicholas does not play a major role in Polish Christmas, but instead, is celebrated on his Saint feast day of December 6.