* 1943 – World War II: The discovery of a mass grave of Polish prisoners of war killed by Soviet forces in the Katyń Forest Massacre is announced, causing a diplomatic rift between the Polish government in exile in London from the Soviet Union, which denies responsibility.

* 1980 – After two weeks of nationwide strikes, the Polish government was forced to sign the Gdańsk Agreement, allowing for the creation of the trade union Solidarity.

The Polish government did not trust Hitler's promises and refused to accept Germany's demands.

The decision to build a major seaport at the Gdynia village was made by the Polish government in the winter of 1920, in the midst of the Polish-Soviet War ( 1919 – 1920 ).

To speed up the construction works, the Polish government in November 1924 signed a contract with the French-Polish Consortium for Gdynia Seaport Construction, which by the end of 1925 had built a small seven-metre-deep harbour, the south pier, part of the north pier, a railway, and had also ordered the trans-shipment equipment.

Some 50, 000 Polish citizens, who after 1920 had been brought into the area by the Polish government after the decision to enlarge the harbour was made, were expelled into the General Government.

The only minority language with a significant number of speakers ( 5. 4 %) was Polish ( a figure that rises to over 6 % when including Kashubian, Masurian, and other forms classified by the Imperial government as separate languages but today more often considered variants of Polish ).

The Polish government in exile kept functioning and through the many Polish military formations on the western and eastern fronts the Poles contributed to the Allied victory.

Despite the significant resources mobilized and self-sacrifice of the participants, a series of missteps by several successive unwilling or incompetent chief commanders appointed by the Polish government ultimately led to the defeat of the insurgents by the Russian army.

On the ground in Poland in October – November the final upsurge of the push for independence was taking place, with Ignacy Daszyński heading a short-lived Polish government in Lublin from November 6.

The successful outcome of the Polish – Soviet War gave Poland a false sense of being a major and self-sufficient military power, and the government a justification for trying to resolve international problems through imposed unilateral solutions.

On May 12, 1926, Piłsudski, prompted by mutinous units seeking his leadership and intent on preventing the three-time prime minister Wincenty Witos of the peasant Polish People's Party from forming another coalition, staged a military overthrow of the Polish government, confronting President Stanisław Wojciechowski and overpowering the troops loyal to him.

The mainstream of the Polish society was not affected by the repressions of the Sanation authorities ; many enjoyed the relative prosperity ( the economy improved between 1926 and 1929 ) and supported the government.

In 1939, the Polish government rejected the German offer of forming an alliance on terms which would amount to an end or severe curtailment of Poland's sovereignty ; Hitler abrogated the Polish-German pact.

Stalin also stated that the Polish government-in-exile demands for self-rule were not negotiable, such that the Soviet Union would keep the territory of eastern Poland they had already taken by invasion with German consent in 1939, and wanted the pro-Soviet Polish government installed.

" One month after Yalta, the Soviet NKVD arrested 16 Polish leaders wishing to participate in provisional government negotiations, for alleged " crimes " and " diversions ", which drew protest from the West.

Soon after the book was published in the US, Kosiński was accused by the then-Communist Polish government of being anti-Polish, especially following the regime's 1968 anti-Semitic campaign.

" As intended by Ribbentrop, the narrow time limit for acceptance of the " final offer " made it impossible for the British government to contact the Polish government in time about the German offer, let alone for the Poles to arrange for a Polish plenipotentiary envoy to arrive in Berlin that night, thereby allowing Ribbentrop to claim that the Poles had rejected the German " final offer ".

His visit to Warsaw, Poland, after the Russian journey in the summer of 1959 was expected to win the Polish vote which, in several cities, is substantial.

He was a square brick of a man with a moon-round face and sunken Polish features.

The moving of millions of the German master-race, from the very heart of Junkerdom, to make room for the Polish Slavs whom they had enslaved and openly planned to exterminate was a drastic operation, but there was little doubt that it was historically justified.

The issue was acute because the exiled Polish Government in London, supported in the main by Britain, was still competing with the new Lublin Government formed behind the Red Army.

There was the Polish Revolution which we misunderstood and then helped guide along a course favorable to Soviet interests.

A decade and a half later, the Polish anthropology student, Bronisław Malinowski ( 1884 – 1942 ), was beginning what he expected to be a brief period of fieldwork in the old model, collecting lists of cultural items, when the outbreak of the First World War stranded him in New Guinea.

He was part of an aristocratic Polish family whose members had worked as mathematicians, scientists, and engineers for generations.

The reciprocal influence between the French school and Polish historiography was particularly evident in studies on the Middle Ages and the early modern era studied by Braudel.

Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

Auschwitz concentration camp ( ) was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II.

Birkenau, the German translation of Brzezinka (= " birch forest "), referred originally to a small Polish village that was destroyed by the Germans to make way for the camp.

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

The marriage took place on 30 April or 16 October 1325 and was a purely political maneuver to strengthen the first Polish – Lithuanian coalition against the Teutonic Knights.

This coalition was a prelude to Union of Krewo in 1385 and Union of Lublin in 1569 that resulted in the new state, Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

His paternal grandparents were Danish immigrants and his mother was of half Polish Jewish and half German descent.

The homage was described by the Polish chronicler Jan Kochanowski in his work Proporzec (" Standard ").

During the 1573 Polish election, Albert Frederick attempted to gain acceptance to the Polish senate but was opposed by the powerful Jan Zamoyski ( later Grand Hetman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ) who feared the influence of Protestants in the Polish legislative body.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

Witos was an Polish People's Party " Piast " | agrarian party leader and a centrist politician, later Brest trials | persecuted under the Sanation | Sanation regime.

After the PZPR was dissolved, Leszek Miller became a co-founder of the Social Democracy of the Polish Republic ( till March 1993, he was Secretary General, then Deputy Chairman and, from December 1997, the Chairman of that party ).

German actions like Kulturkampf, the program of Germanization started to unite and mobilize Polish people in Polish inhabited territories held by Germany including Masuria A Polish-oriented party, the Mazurska Partia Ludowa (" Mazur People's Party "), was founded in 1897.

The Nazi Party became the strongest party in the Masurian constituencies in the elections of 1930 and received its best results in the poorest areas of Masuria with the highest rate of Polish speakers.

* Porozumienie Centrum, now-defunct Polish right-wing political party

Most of the members who established the party in 1999 had previously been members of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland ( SdRP ) and the Polish Social Democratic Union, the two parties that were formed out of the remains of the Polish United Workers ' Party ( PZPR ).

* Unia Pracy, a Polish political party

He then travelled to Berlin where at the SDKPiL conference Dzerzhinsky was elected a secretary of its party committee abroad ( KZ ) and met with several prominent leaders of the Polish Social Democratic movement Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches.

The Polish People's Party (, abbreviated to PSL ( traditionally translated as Polish Peasants ' Party ), is a centrist, agrarian, and Christian democratic political party in Poland.

After Poland regained independence with the end of the World War I in 1918, the party merged with agrarian groups from territories previously occupied by Imperial Russia and formed the first PSL led by Wincenty Witos, becoming one of the most important political parties in the Second Polish Republic until it was removed by the Sanacja regime ( see also People's Party ).

The party ran in the 2004 European Parliament election as part of the European People's Party ( EPP ) and received 6 % of the vote, giving it 4 of 54 Polish seats in the European Parliament.

* Unia Wolnosci ( Freedom Union ), a Polish political party

The Polish United Workers ' Party ( PUWP ;, PZPR ) was the Communist party which governed the People's Republic of Poland from 1948 to 1989.

The Polish Communist Party ( 2002 ) claims to be the successor of the party.

Through Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, Brzezinski met with Adam Michnik, then a communist party member and future Polish Solidarity activist.

* Polish People's Party " Piast ", a political party in Poland

* Nara Party or National Radical Camp, a Polish political party from 1937 to 1939

With Władysław Frasyniuk replacing Geremek as chairman, the Freedom Union continued to exist as a centrist party, but lost much of its relevance in Polish politics.

The involvement of Hausner and Belka as prominent post-communists marks a first in Polish politics: for the first time, a political party is created by members of the former communist government and former opposition members.

A manifesto entitled " Development through Democracy " issued by the party in February 2005 was signed by a broad range of Polish intellectuals and artists, including Paweł Huelle ( writer ), Marek Edelman ( physician, last surviving leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Rising ), Agnieszka Holland ( director ), Marek Kondrat ( actor ), Kazimierz Kutz ( director ), Jan Miodek ( linguist ), Daniel Olbrychski ( actor ), Jerzy Pilch ( writer ), Henryk Samsonowicz ( historian ), Jerzy Szacki ( sociologist ).

The Democrats gathered only 25, 937 votes in European elections 2009, reaching similar support as the newly-founded Polish green party Zieloni 2004.

When – on coming for the general vicar – the Polish government representatives learned the bishop himself was coming, they sent an advance party to Pelplin in order to inform Hlond.