In Poland, fast moving armies encircled Polish forces ( blue circles ), but the blitzkrieg idea never really took hold – artillery and infantry forces acted in time-honoured fashion to crush these pockets.

Panzer forces were dispersed among the three German concentrations without strong emphasis on independent use, being used to create or destroy close pockets of Polish forces and seize operational-depth terrain in support of the largely un-motorized infantry which followed.

While early German tanks, Stuka dive-bombers and concentrated forces were used in the Polish campaign, the majority of the battle was conventional infantry and artillery based warfare and most Luftwaffe action was independent of the ground campaign.

These numbers include 1000 cavalry and 400 infantry were mercenaries hired by Polish king, the rest were units from Danzig.

After a short pause at midday, Teuton units were able to push the Poles back ; however, they found themselves under very heavy fire from crossbows of the Polish infantry, which caused huge losses and withdrawal.

The Teuton infantry tried to defend at tabor, but its resistance was broken by a sudden attack of Polish cavalry.

On 19 June 1651, the Polish Army numbered 14, 844 Polish cavalry, 2, 250 German-style cavalry, 11, 900 German-style infantry and dragoons, 2, 950 Hungarian-style infantry ( haiduks ), 1, 550 Lithuanian volunteers, and 960 Lipka Tatars.

The Polish infantry and artillery remained in camp and didn't support the cavalry.

This time, Tatar cavalry gained the upper hand, pushing the Poles back to their camp but were then repulsed by heavy fire from the Polish infantry and artillery.

This arose from misreporting of a single clash on 1 September near Krojanty, when two squadrons of the Polish 18th Lancers armed with sabres scattered German infantry before being caught in the open by German armoured cars.

The HRE army was half Polish / Lithuanian Commonwealth forces, mostly cavalry, and half Holy Roman Empire forces ( German / Austrian ), mostly infantry.

The world is stunned by the rapidity of the German advance and the Polish High Command is effectively isolated, but lack of infantry support and effective civilian resistance cause Hoeppner to halt outside the city itself.

The military was reorganised into regiments, the infantry finally dropped pikes replacing them with battle-axes, and the Polish cavalry adopted hussars and dragoons formations.

At about five o ' clock in the afternoon, after observing the infantry battle from the hilltop, Sobieski led Polish husaria cavalry along with Austrians and Germans into a massive charge down the hillside.

Category: World War II Polish infantry weapons

Polish soldiers advanced east along the former Prussian Eastern Railway to railroad crossroads 7 kilometres from the town of Chojnice ( Konitz ) where elements of the Polish cavalry attacked and dispersed the German infantry battalion.

Early in the day Polish cavalry had intercepted German infantry moving towards the Free City of Danzig ( Gdańsk ) and slowed their progress.

General Thielmann then led eight Saxon and two Polish cavalry squadrons against the back of the redoubt, while officers and sergeants of his command actually forced their horses through the redoubt's embrasures, sowing confusion and allowing the French cavalry and infantry to take the position.

Polish lancers of the Legion of the Vistula under colonel Jan Konopka charged through the bridge taking it by surprise, then outflanked Spanish infantry and attacked it from behind as the main French and Polish forces crossed the bridge, and attacked the Spanish front lines.

The city's full official name is Stołeczne Miasto Poznań (" The Capital City of Poznań "), in reference to its role as a centre of political power in the early Polish state.

In the first half of the 13th century Wrocław even became the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.

After Hitler's takeover of the German government in 1933, political enemies of the Nazis were persecuted, and their institutions closed or destroyed ; the Gestapo began actions against Polish and Jewish students ( see: Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau ), Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists, arrests were even made for speaking Polish in public, in 1938 the Nazi-controlled police destroyed the Polish cultural centre.

Both Polish and Ruthenian cultures gained a major cultural centre with the foundation of the Academy of Vilna.

Back in Vilnius, Forster's ambitions to build a real natural history scientific centre could not get appropriate financial support from the Polish authorities.

According to the agreements of the Yalta Conference, Lviv was integrated into the Ukrainian SSR, most of the Poles living in Lviv were transferred into Polish Recovered Territories and the city became the main centre of the western part of Soviet Ukraine, inhabited predominantly by Ukrainians with significant Russian minority.

Those areas are densely built-up, with old town, city hall, most of schools, offices and shopping malls in Śródmieście ( literally: city centre in Polish ) and 19th century factories and houses in Paruszowiec.

In the 20 years between the world wars, Grudziądz served as an important centre of culture and education with one of the biggest Polish military garrisons and several military schools located both in and around the city.

In 1895, the natural health centre was taken over by a Polish doctor, Mikołaj Witczak, who lent great service to the development of health-resort in Bad Königsdorff-Jastrzemb.

The White Eagle Club is a thriving Polish community centre, and its traditional Saturday night dance (" zabawa ") draws people from across London.

Although in 1954 the Higher School of Arts was moved to Gdańsk, Sopot remained an important centre of culture, and in 1956 the first Polish jazz festival was held there ( until then jazz had been banned by the Communist authorities ).

It has for some decades been the main centre of London's Polish minority.

The neighborhood has a long history, serving as a cultural centre and ethnic enclave for Manhattan's German, Polish, Hispanic, and Jewish populations.

The military airport operated by the Polish Air Force is located about from the city centre.

According to Polish sources ( published in 1969 ) The area remained the main centre of activity by Polish minority in the region and in 1923 Związek Polaków na obszar Kaszubski was founded in the city In 1928 Jan Bauer, a Polish teacher organised Polish language lessons, and reinvigorated the Polish movement in the city, which resulted in repressions by German state, and his eventual conviction and exile from Germany in 1932, founding himself at the outbreak of Second World War in Berlin he was arrested and murdered by Germans in 1940.

On September 8 it managed to stop the German advance on the centre of the Polish forces, but the following day it got separated from the main force and had to be withdrawn to the rear.

Since the 19th century Cieszyn Silesia has been an important centre of Polish Protestantism.

Today, the only synagogue still stands in the town, used as a Polish cultural centre.

Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

The first phase of the battle was started by a charge of Polish heavy cavalry under Paweł Jasieński.

2000 Polish cavalry ( one regiment under the command of Aleksander Koniecpolski, supported by Jerzy Lubomirski, six pancerni cavalry companies of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Winged Hussars under the command of Stefan Czarniecki ) repulsed the Tatars, who suffered heavy losses.

With their cavalry support gone, the Cossack wagon-fort, containing the vast bulk of the Cossack army now stood isolated on the battlefield, and in effect was under siege by the Polish army.

By September the Imperial forces under the Duke of Lorraine, together with a powerful Polish army under King John III Sobieski, were poised to strike the Sultan's army investing Vienna.

After the defeat of the Teutonic Knights and the destruction of the castle by the inhabitants, the city successively was under the sovereignty of the Polish crown ( 1466 ), the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1772 ), and Germany ( 1871 ).

After the Section of Prussians and Polish victory over the Teutonic Order, the city became part of the autonomous province of Royal Prussia under the suzerainty of the Polish crown in the Second Peace of Thorn.

With the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, the city was brought under direct control of the Polish crown.

During the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, Elbląg and Danzig ( Gdańsk ) were placed under military occupation by Russia and Saxony.

After the expulsion of most of the German population, the city was repopulated and became known under the Polish name Elbląg.

Andrzej Wajda's films offer insightful analyses of the universal element of the Polish experience-the struggle to maintain dignity under the most trying circumstances.

All other lands east of the Oder – Neisse line were put under Polish administration, with the exception of historic northern East Prussia, which went to the USSR.

After the partitions of Poland Polish territories came under control of the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia ; the law of those countries ruled homosexual acts illegal.

Following the failure of the last of the national uprisings, the January Uprising of 1863, the Polish nation, subjected within the territories under the Russian and Prussian administrations to still stricter controls and increased persecution, preserved its identity in nonviolent ways.

On the other hand the Galicia region in western Ukraine and southern Poland, economically and socially backward, but under the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy rule increasingly allowed limited autonomy, experienced gradual relaxation of authoritarian policies and even a Polish cultural revival.

As the authorities reestablished control within the Empire, the revolt in the Kingdom, placed under martial law, had withered as well, leaving tsarist concessions in the areas of national and workers ' rights, including Polish representation in the newly created Russian Duma.

Witos was an Polish People's Party " Piast " | agrarian party leader and a centrist politician, later Brest trials | persecuted under the Sanation | Sanation regime.

The decisive moment came when a combined Russian-Swedish army was routed by the Polish forces under hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski at the Battle of Klushino on.

According to the treaty, Russia granted protection to the Cossacks state in the Left-bank Ukraine, formerly under Polish control.

* 1656 – Swedish forces under the command of King Charles X Gustav defeat the forces of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth at the Battle of Warsaw.