* Roger Etchegaray, Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina, Vice-Dean, President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace

Included in the Congregation's membership are all Eastern Catholic patriarchs and major archbishops, as well as the President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.

* James Cardinal Stafford, an American cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary, President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, Archbishop of Denver, Bishop of Memphis, and Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore

* Edmund Cardinal Szoka, Cardinal, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State

* John Patrick Cardinal Foley, former Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem and former President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications, lived in retirement at the Villa St. Joseph in Darby, a home for retired, infirm, and convalescent priests of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia.

Prior to that appointment, Foley was President Emeritus of Pontifical Council for Social Communications and Titular Archbishop of Neapolis in Proconsulari.

Members by right are the Patriarchs and the Major Archbishops of the Oriental Churches and the President of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Unity among Christians.

In March 1884, with the help of President Chester A. Arthur and Secretary of State Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, the Cardinal helped save the Pontifical North American College from spoilation by the Italian government.

# James Francis Stafford ( 1976 – 1982 ) appointed Bishop of Memphis ( later appointed Archbishop of Denver ; later President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity ; created Cardinal ; later appointed Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary ; retired 2 June 2009 )

-Former Rector Magnificus of the Pontifical, and Royal University of Santo Tomas and the Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba ; Former Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education ; Former President of the Association of Catholic Universities of the Philippines and the International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas ; Founding President of the Network of Dominican Schools, Colleges and Universities in the Philippines.

: Top Curia official Renato Martino, a cardinal deacon and President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, attacked the way Saddam Hussein was treated by his captors, saying he had been dealt with like an animal.

He is currently President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President Emeritus of the Governatorate of Vatican City State, having previously served as Bishop of Gaylord from 1971 to 1981 and Archbishop of Detroit from 1981 to 1990.

On October 14, 1997, Cardinal Szoka was named President of the Governorate of Vatican City State, and on February 22, 2001, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State.

He served as Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cotonou, and then at the Vatican in the service of the Holy See as President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace and then as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops.

He was named President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum by Pope John Paul I, the only administrative appointment of that month-long papacy.

It was during the university strikes of 1960's when Jaime Guzmán, President of the Law Students Union at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile-who was against the protests and strikes, led by Christian-democrats and left-wing students-gathered a group of students and founded the Movimiento Gremial ( Guildist Movement ) and ran for the University's Student Union ( Federación de Estudiantes ) election.

During the sede vacante period, the former Secretary acts as a member of a commission with the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church and the former President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, which exercises some of the functions of the head of state of the Vatican City until a new Pope is elected.

# Pontifical Councils, each headed by a President

* Vatican City, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State

Pope Benedict XVI appointed him as President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on January 2011, making him the first Protestant to hold the position.

President Truman's Commission on Higher Education tended to take a liberal, expansionist position, while President Eisenhower's Committee on Education Beyond the High School was slightly more conservative.

At the time of the SDP's creation, Owen and Rodgers were sitting Labour Members of Parliament ( MPs ); Jenkins had left Parliament in 1977 to serve as President of the European Commission, while Williams had lost her seat in the 1979 general election.

Due to mounting political pressure, in 1991 President Kolingba announced the creation of National Commission to rewrite the constitution to provide for a multi-party system.

Belief in conspiracy theories has become a topic of interest for sociologists, psychologists and experts in folklore since at least the 1960s, when the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy eventually provoked an unprecedented public response directed against the official version of the case as expounded in the Report of the Warren Commission.

The European Council deals with the major issues such as the appointment of the President of the European Commission who takes part in the body's meetings.

In 1888, President Grover Cleveland appointed him to the Assay Commission.

# Hu Jintao: CPC General Secretary, PRC President, Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

# Xi Jinping: Top-ranked Secretary of CPC Central Secretariat, Vice President of the People's Republic of China, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission

President Joseph Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001.

In particular, Parliament elects the President of the Commission, and approves ( or rejects ) the appointment of the Commission as a whole.

* 1927 – President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill by Congress establishing the Federal Radio Commission ( later replaced by the Federal Communications Commission ) which was to regulate the use of radio frequencies in the United States.

* 1987 – Iran-Contra affair: The Tower Commission rebukes President Ronald Reagan for not controlling his national security staff.

* James C. Miller III, Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission and Budget Director for President Ronald Reagan

European Commission President José Manuel Barroso wrote to Prime Minister Viktor Orbán stating that new central bank regulations, allowing political intervention, " seriously harm " Hungary's interests, postponing talks on a financial aid package.

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in North Korea, where, after the presidency of party leader Kim Il-Sung, the office was vacant for years, the late president being granted the posthumous title ( akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty ) of " Eternal President " ( while all substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong Il, initially without any formal office ) until it was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, while the party leader's post as Chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared " the highest post of the state ", not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People's Republic of China.

In 1947 President Harry S. Truman brought him back to help make the federal bureaucracy more efficient through the Hoover Commission.

The recommendations of the Brent Commission were endorsed by the United States Department of State and in 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt called for an international conference, the International Opium Commission, which was held in Shanghai in February 1909.

* 1934 – New Deal: U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Act of 1933 into law, establishing the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Early in 1994 Major vetoed the Belgian politician Jean-Luc Dehaene as President of the European Commission ( in succession to Jacques Delors ) for being excessively federalist, only to find that he had to accept a Luxembourg politician of similar views, Jacques Santer, instead.

In 1964, just days before Hoover testified in the earliest stages of the Warren Commission hearings, President Lyndon B. Johnson waived the then-mandatory U. S. Government Service Retirement Age of seventy, allowing Hoover to remain the FBI Director " for life.

* 1902 – Jean Rey, Belgian politician, 2nd President of the European Commission ( d. 1983 )