Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man brought together Lyell's views on three key themes from the geology of the Quaternary Period of Earth history: glaciers, evolution, and the age of the human race.

About 75, 000 years ago, this Indonesian volcano released about 2, 800 </ sup > km < sup > 3 </ sup > DRE of ejecta, the largest known eruption within the Quaternary Period ( last 1. 8 million years ) and the largest known explosive eruption within the last 25 million years.

Because of this, the study of such material is often known as Quaternary geology, after the recent Quaternary Period.

The second period in the Cenozoic Era, it follows the Paleogene Period and is succeeded by the Quaternary Period.

The global climate cooled considerably over the course of the Neogene, culminating in a series of continental glaciations in the Quaternary Period that follows.

The Neogene traditionally ended at the end of the Pliocene Epoch, just before the older definition of the beginning of the Quaternary Period ; many time scales show this division.

Following formal discussions at the International Geological Congress, Oslo Norway, August 2008, the International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) decided in May 2009 to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2. 588 Mya and including the Gelasian age, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch.

Thus the Neogene Period ends bounding the succeeding Quaternary Period at 2. 588 Mya.

The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary Period or sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era .< ref name =" Gibbard ">

The Quaternary Period is the most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the ICS.

The Quaternary Period follows the Tertiary Period and extends to the present.

In 2009, it was decided to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2. 588 Mya and including the Gelasian stage, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch.

There has been a cycle of ice ages for the past 2. 2 – 2. 1 million years ( starting before the Quaternary in the late Neogene Period ).

What is now Lafayette was part of the seabed during the earlier Quaternary Period.

Quaternary Period rock, glacial deposits and gravels exist in the Calder Valley.

The Baltic Shield is still rebounding today following the melting of the thick glaciers during the Quaternary Period.

During the Quaternary Period, the size of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has fluctuated in response to glacial-interglacial cycles.

" The Archaeology and Anthropology of Quaternary Period Cosmic Impact ", in Bobrowsky, P., and Rickman, H.

During the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era, the area was characterized by volcanism, which formed the St. Elias Range.

The physiography of Latvia and its neighboring areas was formed, to a large degree, during the Quaternary period and the Pleistocene ice age, when soil and debris were pushed by glaciers into mounds and hills.

However, there was a movement amongst geologists ( particularly Neogene Marine Geologists ) to also include ongoing geological time ( Quaternary ) in the Neogene, while others ( particularly Quaternary Terrestrial Geologists ) insist the Quaternary to be a separate period of distinctly different record.

In 2006 ICS and INQUA reached a compromise that made Quaternary a subera, subdividing Cenozoic into the old classical Tertiary and Quaternary, a compromise that was rejected by International Union of Geological Sciences because it split both Neogene and Pliocene in two.

The term Quaternary (" fourth ") was proposed by Giovanni Arduino in 1759 for alluvial deposits in the Po river valley in northern Italy.

The isthmus was reinforced by hand with sand and Quaternary deposits to what is now an sand dune.

Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch ( Larix sibirica ) with its very shallow roots.

Later a fourth period, the Quaternary, was applied.

Although no part of Manchuria was glaciated during the Quaternary, the surface geology of most of the lower-lying and more fertile parts of the region consists of very deep layers of loess, which have been formed by the wind-born movement of dust and till particles formed in glaciated parts of the Himalayas, Kunlun Shan and Tien Shan, as well as the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts.

It is thought that, during glacial periods of the Quaternary, the Chehalis River was a major refugium for aquatic species, as was the west coast from the Olympic Peninsula southward for plants that later formed the northern part of the Pacific temperate rainforest in formerly glaciated areas.

In the Tertiary and Quaternary geological era, the Eifel was a site of extensive volcanic activity.

This must have happened fairly recently, because lineage sorting is not complete in the grey shrikes, and most of the present-day habitat of L. excubitor was uninhabitable during much of the Quaternary glaciation.

The Neman River basin was formed during the Quaternary period, and is located roughly along the edge of the last glacial sheet, dating from about 25, 000 – 22, 000 years BP ( before present ).

The island was created entirely from volcanic eruptions approximately 2 million years ago, during the time period extending from the Tertiary to the beginning of the Quaternary period, and consists chiefly of basalt and lava.

In the Quaternary, the island lacked terrestrial mammals, and this distinctive form was presumably descended from its continental relative.

It is also a Geological Conservation Review site for its Quaternary geomorphology and was first designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) in 1971 for both its biological and geological interests.

Tertiary is an officially deprecated but still widely used term for a geologic period from 65 million to 2. 6 million years ago, a time span that lies between the superseded Secondary period and the Quaternary.

The term Quaternary has yet to be officially adopted by the IUGS, but has widespread support as acceptable nomenclature for the current geologic period beginning at the GSSP accepted at 5, 332, 000 years ago at the transition between the Messinian Age to the Zanclean Age ( 3. 6 mya ).

The International Union for Quaternary Research ( INQUA ) counterproposed that the Neogene and the Pliocene end at 2. 588 Ma, that the Gelasian be transferred to the Pleistocene, and the Quaternary be recognized as the third period in the Cenozoic, citing key changes in Earth's climate, oceans, and biota that occurred 2. 588 Ma and its correspondence to the Gauss-Matuyama magnetostratigraphic boundary.

Quaternary faults are those active faults that have been recognized at the surface and which have evidence of movement in the past 1. 6 million years.

These were followed by the earliest Deinotheriidae or " hoe tuskers ", which thrived during the Miocene and into the early Quaternary.

* Quaternary structure: the structure formed by several protein molecules ( polypeptide chains ), usually called protein subunits in this context, which function as a single protein complex.

Glaciation took place repeatedly during the Quaternary Ice Age – a term coined by Schimper in 1839 that began with the start of the Quaternary about 2. 58 Mya and continues to the present-day.

The new group has deepened the work of Don Salvador in the double mixture of the bar with the Brazilian samba funk of the American Quaternary, based on the dynamics of implementation, driven by drums and bass.

An example are the ice ages of the past 2. 6 million years ( the Quaternary period ), which are assumed to have been caused by astronomic cycles.

This coincides with an increasingly more vigorous circulation of the ocean ’ s surface and deep waters brought about by increasing latitudinal thermal gradients at the onset of major ice sheet expansion on Antarctica and progressive cooling through the Neogene and Quaternary towards a bipolar glaciated world.

This explains why, whereas corresponding latitudes of North America were fully glaciated during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, though even colder, always remained too dry to form glaciers – a state of affairs enhanced by stronger westerly winds from the surface of the ice sheet in Europe.

Thus a better understanding of the possible links between El Niño, Western Pacific Warm Pool, Indonesian Throughflow, wind pattern off western Australia, and ice volume expansion and contraction can be obtained by studying the behaviour of the LC during Quaternary at close stratigraphic intervals.

The Roer Valley, which crosses three countries ( Belgium, The Netherlands, and Germany ), is bounded by two north-northwest, south-southeast trending Quaternary normal fault systems.

Although being affected by the ice-sheet history spanning the Quaternary period of the last 2. 5 million years, much of the landscape are moderately imprinted by ice-sheet erosion except from in the main valleys.

The large holes that swallowed up parts of Guatemala City in 2007 and 2010 are a spectacular example of " piping pseudokarst ", created by the collapse of large cavities that had developed in the weak, crumbly Quaternary volcanic deposits underlying the city.

The region is dominated by the Quaternary Chaves sedimentary basin, a graben aligned on a north-northeast to south-southwest orientation bounded by the Hercynian massif and metamorphic schistose formations.

Its elevation is above sea level and is surrounded by up to 2, 400 m ( 7, 874 ft ) high Late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic terrain.

As the Front Range rose, streams and recent ( 16, 000 years ago ) glaciations during the Quaternary age literally unburied the range by cutting through the weaker sediment and giving rise to the granitic peaks present today.