It was intended to replace, or augment, the R-12 Dvina ( SS-4 Sandal ) and R-14 Chusovaya ( SS-5 Skean ) missiles deployed from 1958 and 1961 respectively in the USSR and Warsaw Pact states.

The division was equipped with R-12 Dvina intercontinental ballistic missiles.

1994 was a transition year for many automakers when it came to switching from R-12 Freon to CFC-free R134a refrigerant.

The R-12 Dvina (; ) was a theatre ballistic missile developed and deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

The R-12 launch was a success and the next month, mass production of the vehicle started in Dnepropetrovsk.

For the work on R-12, on 1 July 1959, OKB-586 received the Order of Lenin, while the Hero of Socialist Labor ( the highest industrial award ) was awarded to Yangel, Smirnov and Budnik.

The R-12 missile was introduced into the inventory on 4 March 1959 according to Russian sources, though Western intelligence believed that an initial operational capability was reached in late 1958.

The first five regiments with surface-based R-12 missiles were put on alert in May 1960, while the first regiment of silo-based missiles was placed on alert in January 1963.

In May 1960 the development of a new R-12 missile designated as R-12U was begun.

The R-12 was also used during the development of the V-1000 anti-ballistic missile, serving as a target.

The R-12 was deployed at both soft launch pads and hard silos.

The ICBM, an R-12 Dvina ( referred to by NATO as the SS-4 ), was fired from the Kapustin Yar in southwest Russia.

These guns were most commonly powered by liquid propellants such as R-12 ( Which was marketed by the Japanese as FLON-12 or DuPont tradename Freon 12 ) CFC-12 feed system with a majority of the configurations containing two tanks, one containing the CFC-12 and one used as an expansion tank, and the gun itself.

The first consignment of R-12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8, followed by a second on September 16.

* 1957 – The Soviet Union launches an R-12 missile for the first time ( in the Kapustin Yar ).

Missiles produced at Yuzhmash included the first nuclear armed Soviet rocket R-5M ( SS-3 ' Shyster '), the R-12 Dvina ( SS-4 ' Sandal '), the R-14 Chusovaya ( SS-5 ' Skean '), the first Soviet ICBM R-16 ( SS-7 ' Saddler '), the R-36 ( SS-9 ' Scarp '), the MR-UR-100 Sotka ( SS-17 ' Spanker '), and the R-36M ( SS-18 ' Satan ').

In September 1959 the R-12 took off from the silo complex for the first time.

The R-12 and R-12U missiles reached their maximum operational launcher inventory of 608 in 1964-1966.

The Soviets were building nine sites — six for R-12 medium-range missiles ( NATO designation SS-4 Sandal ) with an effective range of and three for R-14 intermediate-range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS-5 Skean ) with a maximum range of.

They had twenty nuclear warheads for medium-range R-12 ballistic missiles capable of reaching US cities ( including Washington ) and nine tactical nuclear missiles.

* SS-4 Sandal, NATO reporting name for the R-12 Dvina theatre ballistic missile

36 R-12 intermediate range ballistic missiles were sent to Cuba, initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis.

* R-12 Dvina, a theatre ballistic missile from the Soviet Union.

* nitric acid 73 % with dinitrogen tetroxide 27 % (= AK27 ) and kerosene / gasoline mixture (= TM-185 ) – various Russian ( USSR ) cold-war ballistic missiles ( R-12, Scud-B ,- D ), Iran: Shahab-5, North Korea: Taepodong-2

* the R-12 Dvina theatre ballistic missile

* R-12 Dvina, a theatre ballistic missile developed and deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War

After the Soviets refused to provide China with R-12 ( SS-4 ) missile design, China decided to develop their own IRBM in early 1960s.

Plans were to deploy 60, 000 troops, three R-12 missile regiments and two R-14 missile regiments.

The R-12 rocket provided the capability to attack targets at medium ranges with a megaton-class nuclear warhead and constituted the bulk of the Soviet offensive missile threat to Western Europe.

Deployments of the R-12 missile in Cuba caused the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

Inside the underground R-12U launching silo in Plokštinė missile base, Lithuania Efforts to create a railway based version of the R-12 missile were suspended, but work then started on a silo-launched version.

it: R-12 ( missile )

The Kosmos ( also spelled Cosmos, Russian: ) rockets are a series of Soviet and subsequently Russian rockets, derived from the R-12 and R-14 missiles, the most well known of which is the Kosmos-3M, which has made over 440 launches, and is still in service.

Some early 1994 model year vehicles produced in mid-to late-1993 may still have come from the factory with R-12 Freon, but most probably had R134a.

The 1994 S-10 Blazer and Jimmy seem to have used R-12 until the end of their production run and subsequent replacement with redesigned 1995 models that looked like new-for-1994 pickups.

The R-12 is a single-stage rocket with a separable single reentry vehicle.

Halomethanes were frequently used, most often R-12 and R-22, but due to environmental concerns are being phased out, often with liquified propane or other haloalkanes like R-134a.

Until the 1990s, the refrigerants were often chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 ( dichlorodifluoromethane ), one in a class of several refrigerants using the brand name Freon, a trademark of DuPont.

R-134a is not as efficient as the R-12 it replaced ( in automotive applications ) and therefore, more energy is required to operate systems utilizing R-134a than those using R-12.

Between mid-June 17 and mid-October, 24 launching pads, 42 R-12 rockets, including six training ones, some 45 nuclear warheads, 42 Il-28 bombers, a fighter aircraft regiment ( 40 MiG-21 aircraft ), two Anti-Air Defense divisions, four mechanized infantry regiments, and other military units ( 47, 000 troops in total ) were transferred.

The Permanent can be used to help complete other RUSA ONLY awards such as the R-12 or RUSA Distance Awards.

Blended of pure, dry propane ( refrigerant designator R-290 ) and isobutane ( R-600a ) the blend —" R-290a "— has negligible ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a, and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

It is designed as a replacement for R-12.

* R-500 is an azeotropic blend of 73. 8 wt .% R-12 and 26. 2 wt .% of R-152a.

Practical household refrigerators were introduced in 1915 and gained wider acceptance in the United States in the 1930s as prices fell and non-toxic, non-flammable synthetic refrigerants such as Freon-12 ® ( R-12 ) were introduced, however R-12 damaged the ozone layer, causing governments to issue a ban on its use in new refrigerators and air-conditioning systems in 1994.

The less harmful replacement for R-12, R-134a ( tetrafluoroethane ), has been in common use since 1990, but R-12 is still found in many old systems today.