Moreover, the Roman Republic's ability to attract private investments in the war effort to fund ships and crews was one of the deciding factors of the war, particularly when contrasted with the Carthaginian nobility's apparent unwillingness to risk their fortunes for the common war effort.

When Indonesia occupied East Timor between 1975 and 1999, declaring it " the Republic's 27th Province ", the use of Portuguese was banned, and Indonesian was declared the sole official language, but the Roman Catholic Church adopted Tetum as its liturgical language, making it a focus for cultural and national identity.

A Roman Catholic, Diệm pursued biased and religiously oppressive policies against the Republic's Montagnard natives and its Buddhist majority that were met with protests, epitomized in Malcolm Browne's Pulitzer Prize winning photograph of the self-immolation of Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức in 1963.

Carthage was the Roman Republic's greatest rival and enemy, and Virgil's Dido in part symbolises this.

The ancient Roman Republic's " citizen lawmaking " – citizen formulation and passage of law, as well as citizen veto of legislature-made law – began about 449 BC and lasted the approximately 400 years to the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.

At the height of the Republic's era of provincial expansion ( roughly the 1st and 2nd centuries BC until the end of the Republic ) the Roman tax farming system was very profitable for the publicani.

While in 1991, 92 % of the Republic's population identified themselves as Roman Catholics, by 2006 this had dropped to 86 %.

Although he granted sanctuary to Hannibal, who fought against the Attalids for him, he remained neutral during the Roman Republic's war with Antiochus III the Great.

The prototypical latifundia were the Roman estates in Magna Graecia ( the south of Italy ) and in Sicily, which distressed Pliny the Elder ( died AD 79 ) as he travelled, seeing only slaves working the land, not the sturdy Roman farmers who had been the backbone of the Republic's army.

Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence.

Amongst the Republic's Roman Catholics, weekly church attendance dropped from 87 % in 1981 to 60 % in 1998, though this remained one of the highest attendance rates in Europe.

In The Last Generation of the Roman Republic ( 1974 ), Erich S. Gruen offered an effective opposing point of view, arguing that the traditional view of the Republic's decay is not actually supported by the objective evidence.

The earliest documented decimation occurred in 471 BC during the Roman Republic's early wars against the Volsci and is recorded by Livy.

In addition, in the Roman Republic, there never was a position called " Procurator of the Republic ," and while the early Empire maintained the fiction of the Republic's continued existence, by the 6th Century the Byzantine Empire acknowledged itself as a monarchy.

During the course of the First Punic War, the Roman navy was massively expanded and played a vital role in the Roman victory and the Roman Republic's eventual ascension to hegemony in the Mediterranean Sea.

Under the Roman alliance, the more oligarchic parts of the Athenian constitution, the Areopagus and election of officials, became relatively more important, and the Assembly and selection by lot less so.

) Hilton also claims a Roman Catholic monarch would therefore be unable to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury and points to the examples of European states that have similar religious provisions for their monarchs: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, whose constitutions compel their monarchs to be Lutherans, the Netherlands, the constitution of which insists its monarchs be members of the Protestant House of Orange, and Belgium, which has a constitution that provides for the succession to be through Roman Catholic houses.

He also gives a brief account of the constitution of a Roman army at that time.

Desperate measures were taken: contrary to the Roman constitution, Gaius Marius, who had defeated Jugurtha, was elected consul and supreme commander for five years in a row ( 104-100 BC ).

The ancient Roman Catholic tradition overcame this idea with the doctrine of the " Two Swords " and so achieved, for the very first time, a balanced constitution for states.

Dei Filius was a dogmatic constitution of the First Vatican Council on the Roman Catholic faith.

The constitution thus set forth the teaching of the " Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church " on God, revelation and faith.

Another problem for Gaius's aims was that the Roman constitution, specifically the Tribal Assembly, was designed to prevent any one individual governing for a sustained period of time – and there were several other checks and balances to prevent power being concentrated on any one person.

In the settlement of 64 BC, Galatia became a client-state of the Roman empire, the old constitution disappeared, and three chiefs ( wrongly styled " tetrarchs ") were appointed, one for each tribe.

Roman Catholicism is the official religion, with freedom of other religions guaranteed by the constitution.

The power taken by Ferdinand III in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped and returned to the rulers of the Imperial States.

Hardly had he left the city to be consecrated in the monastery of Farfa ( about 40 km north of Rome ), when the citizens, under the influence of Arnold of Brescia, the great opponent of the Pope's temporal power, established the old Roman constitution, the Commune of Rome and elected Giordano Pierleoni to be Patrician.

A new edition of the Roman Missal implementing the Council's decisions was promulgated by Pope Paul VI with the apostolic constitution Missale Romanum of 3 April 1969.

In his apostolic constitution, Pope Paul made particular mention of the following significant changes that he had made in the Roman Missal:

Concepts that originated in the Roman constitution live on in constitutions to this day.

Even some lesser used modern constitutional concepts, such as the block voting found in the electoral college of the United States, originate from ideas found in the Roman constitution.

The constitution of the Roman Republic was not formal or even official.

Throughout the 1st century BC, the power and legitimacy of the Roman constitution was progressively eroding.

When the Roman Republic ultimately fell in the years following the Battle of Actium and Mark Antony's suicide, what was left of the Roman constitution died along with the Republic.

The first Roman Emperor, Augustus, attempted to manufacture the appearance of a constitution that still governed the Empire.

They were constituted as the conservators of public morality ; they were not simply to prevent crime or particular acts of immorality, but rather to maintain the traditional Roman character, ethics, and habits ( mos majorum )— regimen morum also encompassed this protection of traditional ways, which was called in the times of the empire cura (" supervision ") or praefectura (" command ").

Tribunes of the Plebs were meant to be untouchable and their veto inalienable according to the Roman mos maiorum ( although there was a grey line as to what extent this existed in the declaration of and during martial law ).

He aims at preserving the mos majorum (" ancestral custom ") and combating all Greek influences, which he believes are undermining the older Roman standards of morality.

He was prominent among the legal humanists or mos gallicus school, which sought to abandon the work of the medieval Commentators and concentrate on ascertaining the correct text and social context of the original works of Roman law.

This archaic religion was the foundation of the mos maiorum, " the way of the ancestors " or simply " tradition ", viewed as central to Roman identity.

This archaic religion was the foundation of the mos maiorum, " the way of the ancestors " or simply " tradition ", viewed as central to Roman identity.

Roman law and tradition ( mos maiorum ) established the power of the pater familias within the community of his own extended familia.

The Law of the Twelve Tables formed the centrepiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic and the core of the mos maiorum ( custom of the ancestors ).

Sulla justified his actions on the grounds that the Senate had been neutered and the mos maiorum (" the way of the elders "/" the traditional way ", which amounted to a Roman constitution though none of it was codified as such ) had been offended by the Senate's negation of the rights of the year's consuls to fight the year's wars.

The skills a Roman matron needed to run a household required training, and mothers probably passed on their knowledge to their daughters in a manner appropriate to their station in life, given the emphasis in Roman society on traditionalism ( mos maiorum ).

The Roman family was one of the ways that the mos maiorum was passed along through the generations

Roman conservatism finds succinct expression in an edict of the censors from 92 BCE, as preserved by the 2nd-century historian Suetonius: “ All new that is done contrary to the usage and the customs of our ancestors, seems not to be right .” But because the mos maiorum was a matter of custom, not written law, the complex norms it embodied evolved over time.

Democratic politics driven by the charismatic appeal of individuals ( populares ) to the Roman people ( populus ) potentially undermined the conservative principle of the mos.

Traditional Roman values were essential to the mos maiorum.

In addition to their political aims, the optimates opposed the extension of Roman citizenship, and sought the preservation of the mos maiorum, the ways of their forefathers.

Ancient Roman funerary practices were part of the mos maiorum, " the way of the ancestors " or " tradition ," and drew on the beliefs embodied in Roman public and domestic religion.