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Roman and epic
Cerberus featured in many prominent works of Greek and Roman literature, most famously in Virgil's Aeneid, Peisandros of Rhodes ' epic poem the Labours of Hercules, the story of Orpheus in Plato's Symposium, and in Homer's Iliad, which is the only known reference to one of Heracles ' labours which first appeared in a literary source.
An example is John Milton's Paradise Lost, an " epic elaboration of the Judeo-Christian mythology " and also a " veritable encyclopedia of myths from the Greek and Roman tradition ".
The Annales was an epic poem in fifteen books, later expanded to eighteen, covering Roman history from the fall of Troy in 1184 BC down to the censorship of Cato the Elder in 184 BC.
Many Roman writers seem to have composed epigrams, including Domitius Marsus, whose collection Cicuta ( now lost ) was named after the poisonous plant Cicuta for its biting wit, and Lucan, more famous for his epic Pharsalia.
Homer in the company of Calliope, the Muse of epic poetry ( replica of Roman Empire | Roman Imperial mosaic, c. 240 AD, from Vichten )
Quintus Ennius wrote a historical epic, the Annals ( soon after 200 BC ), describing Roman history from the founding of Rome to his own time.
Odysseus ( or ; Greek:, Odusseus ), also known by the Roman name Ulysses (; ), was the perhaps fictional Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey.
Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
With his first large scale work, Africa, an epic in Latin about the great Roman general Scipio Africanus, Petrarch emerged as a European celebrity.
He came to international attention for his role as the Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator, directed by Ridley Scott, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor, an Empire Award for Best Actor and a London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and ten further nominations for best actor.
Alma-Tadema's meticulous archaeological research, including research into Roman architecture ( which was so thorough that every building featured in his canvases could have been built using Roman tools and methods ) led to his paintings being used as source material by Hollywood directors in their vision of the ancient world for films such as D. W. Griffith's Intolerance ( 1916 ), Ben Hur ( 1926 ), Cleopatra ( 1934 ), and most notably of all, Cecil B. DeMille's epic remake of The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ).
The designers of the Oscar-winning Roman epic Gladiator used the paintings of Alma-Tadema as a central source of inspiration.
* The Roman epic poet Gaius Valerius Flaccus dies, having written works that include the Argonautica, describing the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis.
* 201 BC – Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist, who has written historical plays ( fabulae praetextae ) that are based on Roman historical or legendary figures and events ( b. c. 264 BC )
The perceived deficiency of any account of Aeneas ' marriage to Lavinia or his founding of the Roman race led some writers, such as the 15th-century Italian poet Maffeo Vegio ( through his Mapheus Vegius widely printed in the Renaissance ), Pier Candido Decembrio ( whose attempt was never completed ), Claudio Salvucci ( in his 1994 epic poem The Laviniad ), and Ursula K. Le Guin ( in her 2008 novel Lavinia ) to compose their own supplements.
It is believed that the allegory of vices and virtues fighting over Man ’ s soul goes back to the 4th century Roman epic, Psychomachia.
* 169 BC – Quintus Ennius, epic poet, dramatist, and satirist, the most influential of the early Latin poets, and often called the founder of Roman literature or the father of Roman poetry.
Hesiod described one group of cyclopes and the epic poet Homer described another, though other accounts have also been written by the playwright Euripides, poet Theocritus and Roman epic poet Virgil.
Virgil, the Roman epic poet, wrote, in book three of The Aeneid, of how Aeneas and his crew landed on the island of the cyclops after escaping from Troy at the end of the Trojan War.

Roman and Eagle
Duncan Kenworthy's 2011 film The Eagle depicts the quest of a Roman officer, portrayed as the son of the commander of the Ninth Legion, into the country of the Picts to retrieve the Ninth's standard along with his Brigantian slave, whom he frees during their journey.
* Simon Scarrow: Eagle series of Roman military fiction
In Rosemary Sutcliff's historical adventure novel The Eagle of the Ninth ( 1954 ), a young Roman officer searches to recover the lost Roman eagle standard of his father's legion in the northern part of Great Britain.
Among European countries, the Golden Eagle was the model for the aquila, the most prominent symbol of the Roman legions and more generally the Roman civilization that had such a powerful impact on Western culture ; furthermore, some Roman traditions were carried on by the Byzantine Empire in the Southern and Eastern of Europe and the Holy Roman Empire in Central and Western Europe, transmitting the use of the Golden Eagle to several modern states.
This association of the Golden Eagle with Rome has also led to the adoption of similar symbols in other countries ; for instance, the adoption of the related and physically similar Bald Eagle as the national bird of the United States was inspired by the conception of the United States as a modern reincarnation of the Roman Republic, a theme that recurs in other elements as well ( including the prevalence of neoclassical architecture in American public buildings and the use of Roman terminology — such as naming the upper house of Congress the Senate — to hark back to the Roman model ).
A wingless Roman eagle discovered in excavations at the basilica in 1866 was part of the inspiration for Rosemary Sutcliff's The Eagle of the Ninth.
The third was the Peter Dews produced The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ), which featured nine one-hour episodes adapting, in chronological order of the real life events depicted in the Roman plays ; Coriolanus, Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra.
* The Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 800 to 1806, had a golden flag with a black double-headed Imperial Eagle on the field, the origin of the use of the color golden in the German and Belgian flags.
Eagle Cameo, Roman 27 B. C.
Analysis of the Roman aureus shows the purity level usually to have been near to 24 carat gold in excess of 99 %, 23 carat of 95. 83 % gold English Sovereign ( 1489 – 1604 ), 91. 7 % of 22 carat gold for the British Sovereign ( 1817 – 1917, 1925, 1957 – present ) and American Eagle ( 1795 – 1933 ), and 21. 6 carat of 90 % gold for the United States Gold Dollar ( 1849 – 1889 ).

Roman and based
Although he was not an innovator, he would not follow the absolute letter of the law ; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into Roman law many important new principles based upon this notion.
Coin of Alfred, king of Wessex, London, 880 ( based upon a Roman model ). Obv: King with royal band in profile, with legend: ÆLFRED REX " King Ælfred ".
" At that time ( 1909 ) the Roman Martyrology had the following text: This entry was based on what the Catholic Encyclopedia called later legends that confound the relative positions of Felix and Liberius.
It was later calculated ( from the historical record of the succession of Roman consuls ) that the year 1 AD corresponds to the Roman year DCCLIV ab urbe condita, based on Varro's epoch.
Category: Plays based on Greek and Roman plays
The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox receive several additional books in to their canons based upon their presence in manuscripts of the ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, the Septuagint ( although some of these books, such as Sirach and Tobit, are now known to be extant in Hebrew or Aramaic originals, being found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls ).
St. Sava's Nomocanon was the compilation of Civil law, based on Roman Law and Canon law, based on Ecumenical Councils and its basic purpose was to organize functioning of the young Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church.
Coupled with the more diffuse political structure based on smaller feudal units, various legal traditions emerged, remaining more strongly rooted in Roman jurisprudence, but modified to meet the prevailing political climate.
One of Claudius's investigators discovered that many old Roman citizens based in the modern city of Trento were not in fact citizens.
In the Roman Church, positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person.
In 1978, British comic 2000AD ran a Judge Dredd comic strip featuring Chief Judge Cal, loosely based on the real life Roman emperor.
The growth of canon law in the Ecclesiastical Courts was based on the underlying Roman law and increased the strength of the Roman Pontiff.
Geoffrey's description of Caerleon is probably based on his personal familiarity with the town and its impressive Roman ruins ; it is less clear that Caerleon was associated with Arthur before Geoffrey.
Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ; however, it can also be used more generally to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on powers of ten.
Readings from the deuterocanonical books are now included in most, if not all, of the modern lectionaries in the Anglican Communion, based on the Revised Common Lectionary ( in turn based on the post-conciliar Roman Catholic lectionary ).
Although Jews were heavily taxed, no contemporary authors mention trials or executions based on religious offenses other than those within the Roman religion.
The immediate author of the theory was Jean Bodin, who based it on the interpretation of Roman law.
Some of the symbolism within the coronation ceremony for British monarchs, in which they are anointed with holy oils by the Archbishop of Canterbury, thereby ordaining them to monarchy, perpetuates the ancient Roman Catholic monarchical ideas and ceremonial ( although few Protestants realize this, the ceremony is nearly entirely based upon that of the Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor ).
Roman coinage later supplanted Etruscan, but the basic Roman coin, the sesterce, is believed to have been based on the 2. 5 denomination Etruscan coin.

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