As the class grew to be more of a social elite instead of a functional property-based military grouping, the Romans began to employ Italian socii for filling the ranks of their cavalry.

At about the same time the Romans began to recruit foreign auxiliary cavalry from among Gauls, Iberians, and Numidians, the last being highly valued as mounted skirmishers and scouts ( see Numidian cavalry ).

The breakdown of Romans as a treatise began with F. C.

In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began ; the Romans maintained control of their province of Britannia through to the 5th century.

After Caesar's expeditions, the Romans began their real attempt to conquer Britain in 43 CE, at the behest of the Emperor Claudius.

The East Romans began to feel the pressure from Uldin's Huns again in 408.

Most Romans departed from Britain around the year 410, which began the sub-Roman period ( 5th – 6th centuries ), but the legacy of the Roman Empire was felt for centuries in Britain.

When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean sea began to be called Mare Nostrum ( Latin: " Our Sea ") by the Romans.

After mentioning that this fish was sacred to Hecate, Alan Davidson writes, " Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Pliny, Seneca and Suetonius have left abundant and interesting testimony to the red mullet fever which began to affect wealthy Romans during the last years of the Republic and really gripped them in the early Empire.

On the other hand, at the start of the First Punic War the Romans had no navy, and were thus at a disadvantage until they began to construct their own large fleets during the war.

The inhabitants of Great Britain have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Romans and the establishment of the Roman road network that the first inns called tabernae, in which the traveller could obtain refreshment, began to appear.

He began besieging Ancona in 1167, which had acknowledged the authority of Manuel I ; at the same time, Frederick's forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the Battle of Monte Porzio.

Though the shock at the slaughter was enormous, the Romans immediately began a slow, systematic process of preparing for the reconquest of the country.

Many of the current cities around Europe began as Roman colonies, such as the German city Köln ( Cologne ), which was originally called Colonia Claudia by the Romans ; and the British capital city of London which the Romans founded as Londinium.

The Romans, who began their conquest of Britain in AD 43, first campaigned in what is now northeast Wales in 48 against the Deceangli, and gained total control of the region with their defeat of the Ordovices in 79.

In 73 BC, a slave revolt ( known as the Third Servile War ) under the ex-gladiator of Capua, Spartacus, began against the Romans.

The French word was derived from the Spanish embarazar, whose first recorded usage was in 1460 in Cancionero de Stúñiga ( Songbook of Stúñiga ) by Álvaro de Luna .< sup > 7 </ sup > The Spanish word likely comes from the Portuguese embaraçar, which probably is a combination of the prefix em-( from Latin in-for " in -") with baraça " a noose ", or " rope ", which makes sense with the synonym encinta (" on noose, on rope " because of the old usage of women to wear a strap of cloth on their dresses when pregnant ).< sup > 8 </ sup > Baraça originated before the Romans began their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BCE .< sup > 9 </ sup > Thus, baraça could be related to the Celtic word barr, " tuft ".

Production of Tyrian Purple for use as a fabric dye began as early as 1200 BCE by the Phoenicians, and was continued by the Greeks and Romans until 1453 CE, with the fall of Constantinople.

The Romans defeated the Ligurians and began to start their own colonies along the coast.

The Romans finally captured the Antonia Fortress and began a frontal assault on the gates of the Temple.

The fields were burnt by the Goths to delay and harass the Romans with smoke, and negotiations began for an exchange of hostages.

A detachment of Romans began the battle without orders to do so, believing they would have an easy victory, and perhaps over-eager to exact revenge on the Goths after two years of unchecked devastation throughout the Balkans.

This includes questioning the Romans at Compendium ( only to trigger a riot when the Romans know nothing about the theft and assume that the Gauls are there to get them to pay for being in the legions ), trashing the pirates in the belief that they stole the money ( although the pirates were for once trying to engage in an honest profession by turning their ship into a restaurant ), selling boars ( only to sell them at a ridiculously low price ), prize fighting ( only to win worthless statuettes ), acting ( Obelix insults the audience and ruins the company ), gambling ( only to lose their money when the tip doesn't pay off ) and even trying to rob a bank ( which is empty of money due to the recent tax increases by the Romans ).

Duke Frederick II and Conrad, the two current male Staufer, by their mother Agnes were grandsons of late Emperor Henry IV and nephews of Henry V. Frederick attempted to succeed to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor ( formally known as the King of the Romans ) through a customary election, but lost to the Saxon duke Lothair of Supplinburg.

Henry died childless and had nominated his nephew Frederick Hohenstaufen, Duke of Swabia, to succeed him as King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor.

* Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as Emperor and King of Burgundy, replaced by Frederick II ( King of the Romans 1212 – 1250 ).

Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy.

Maximilian I ( 22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519 ), the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal, was King of the Romans ( also known as King of the Germans ) from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky.

Consequently, his younger son Frederick V became the new Duke of Swabia in 1167, while his eldest son Henry was crowned King of the Romans in 1169, alongside his father who also retained the title.

At the time he was elected King of the Romans, Frederick promised to go on crusade.

There is also disagreement as to whether the ' coronation ' was a coronation at all, as a letter written by Frederick to Henry III of England suggests that the crown he placed on his own head was in fact the imperial crown of the Romans.

* Frederick the Fair ( Frederick I of Austria ( Habsburg ), 1286 – 1330 ), Duke of Austria and King of the Romans

But his second cousin Frederick V, ruler of Inner Austria, was chosen to succeed Albert II as King of the Romans.

In the numerous manifestos of the pope and the emperor the antagonism of Church and State becomes daily more evident: the pope claimed for himself the imperium animarum ' command of the souls ' ( i. e. voicing Gods will to the faithful ) and the principatus rerum et corporum in universo mundo ' princedom over all things and bodies in the whole world ', while the emperor wished to restore the imperium mundi, imperium ( as under Roman Law ) over the ( now Christian ) world — Rome was again to be the capital of the world and Frederick was to become the real emperor of the Romans, so he energetically protested against the world-empire of the pope.

When Frederick II deposed his eldest son, Conrad's rebellious older brother Henry, in 1237 had Conrad elected King of the Romans in diet in Vienna.

That Frederick gave him a further sign of favour by making him the tutor of his son Henry ( VII ), King of the Romans, is more than doubtful.

Shortly after his removal to the Netherlands, Salmasius composed ( at the request of Prince Frederick Henry of Nassau ) his treatise on the military system of the Romans ( De re militari Romanorum ), which remained unpublished until 1657.

* Frederick III ( 1147 – 52 ), King of the Romans from 1152 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1155

* Frederick VII ( 1212 – 16 ), King of the Romans from 1212 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220

On the death of Emperor Henry V, his uncle, Frederick stood for election as King of the Romans with the support of his younger brother Conrad, duke of Franconia and several houses.

After Lothar's death ( 1137 ) and election of Conrad as King of the Romans ( 1138 ) Frederick supported his brother in the struggle with Guelphs.

" After the long-time struggle of his predecessor Louis IV with antiking Frederick the Fair, Charles IV felt that it was necessary to change the current system of electing the " King of the Romans ".

The obverse contains an classical ( not medieval ) bust of the emperor wearing a laureate wreath with the legend CESAR AVG IMP ROM ( Caesar Augustus, Emperor of the Romans ); the reverse shows an eagle, the imperial symbol, with the name FRIDE RICVS ( Frederick ).

It was Leopold's descendant Frederick V of Austria, elected King of the Romans in 1440 and sole ruler over all Austrian lands from 1457, who reaped the fruit of Rudolf's efforts and laid the foundations of the Habsburg Monarchy.