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The Rouran fled west from the Gok-Turks and either disappeared into obscurity or, as some say, invaded Europe as the Avars under their Khan Bayan I.
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Rouran and fled
Book of Sui reported that when Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei overthrew Juqu Mujian's Northern Liang on October 18, 439, Ashina's 500 families fled to the Rouran Khaganate.
Some scholars claim that the Rouran then fled west across the steppes and became the Avars, though many other scholars contest this claim.
The remainder of the Rouran fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared forever as an entity.
The last Rouran khagan fled to the court of Western Wei, but at the demand of Tujue, Western Wei executed him and the nobles that accompanied him.
In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang royal family fled to Gaochang to found a new kingdom, led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran ( Avars ).
In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang fled to Gaochang led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran ( Avars ).
Rouran and west
Bumin's brother Istämi ( d. 576 ) was titled yabghu of the west and collaborated with the Persian Sassanids to defeat and destroy the Hephthalite, who were allies of the Rouran.
Surviving Rouran move west towards the Gaoche, led by Heduohan's son and successor, Shelun.
In 391, Tuoba Gui defeated the Rouran tribes and killed their chief, Heduohan, forcing the Rouran to flee west.
The Göktürks relentlessly pursued the Rouran ( whose subjects they formerly were ) west all the way to Crimea in the 550's-570's.
To the west of the Rouran was a horde known in the west as the Hephthalites who originally, until the beginning of the 5th century, were a vassal horde of the Rouran.
Thus Goguryeo, surrounded by a powerful Baekje's forces to its south and west, was inclined to avoid conflict with its peninsular neighbor while cultivating constructive relations with the Xienpei and Rouran, in order to defend itself from future invasions, and even the possible destruction of its state.
There is evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west, in present-day Mongolia, bordered by the Rouran and Göktürks.
Rouran and from
The cause of the Hunnic move into Europe may have been expansion of the Rouran, who had created a massive empire across the Asian continent in the mid-4th century, including the Tatar lands as well, which they took over from the Xianbei.
* Rouran, an ancient nomadic race from the Mongolian steppes, also called Juan Juan
The shift in the capital was mirrored by a shift in tactics from active defense to passive defense against the Rouran.
Rouran (, Nirun ; ; Wade-Giles: Jou-jan ), Ruanruan / Ruru ()), Tan Tan (), Juan-Juan or Zhu-Zhu was the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the northern borders of Inner China from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century.
They derived from orders given by the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, who waged war against the Rouran and intended to intimidate the confederacy.
The Rouran controlled the area of Mongolia from the Manchurian border to Turpan and, perhaps, the east coast of Lake Balkhash, and from the Orkhon River to China Proper.
The Rouran subdued modern regions of Xinjiang, Mongolia, Central Asia, and parts of Siberia and Manchuria from the late 4th century.
Qu Jia hailed from the Zhong district of Jincheng commandery ( 金城, roughly corresponding to modern day Lanzhou, Gansu ) Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche, and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship.
The Avars were probably a Mongol or Turkic group, possibly with ruling core derived from Rouran that escaped Göktürks.
About 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the Göktürks.
By the 550s, Bumin Khan felt strong enough to throw off the yoke of the Rouran domination and established the Göktürk Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s.
* The Gaoche, later Chile, were a tribe, descended in part from the Dingling, that was expelled from Mongolia by the Rouran and founded a state ( 487-541 ) at Turpan.
Rouran and into
For this service he expected to be rewarded with a Rouran princess, i. e. marry into the royal family.
It is supposed that this westward spread of Rouran power pushed the Huns into Europe over the years.
Though they admitted the Ashina of Göktürks into their federation, the power of the Rouran was broken by an alliance of Göktürks, the Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties and tribes in Central Asia in 552.
Rouran and some
As Anagui's " blacksmith slave " ( 鍛奴 / 锻奴, Pinyin: duànnú, Wade-Giles: tuan-nu ) comment was recorded in Chinese chronicles, some claim that the Göktürks were indeed blacksmith servants for the Rouran elite, and that " blacksmith slavery " may indicate a kind of vassalage system prevailed in Rouran society.
Chinese chronicles state that they were originally a tribe of the Yuezhi, living to the north of the Great Wall, and subject to the Rouran ( Jwen-Jwen ), as were some Turkic peoples at the time.
However, some view his cousins Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou, who subsequently settled with Northern Liang remnants in Gaochang ( 高昌, in modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang ), as a continuation of the Northern Liang, and thus view the Northern Liang as having ended in 460 when Gaochang fell to Rouran and was made a vassal.
While many rulers of East Asia ( including in China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan ) took regnal names based on Chinese characters, some monarchs of Xu, Xiongnu, Tuyuhun Kingdom, Rouran Khaganate, Göktürks, Uyghur Khaganate and Mongol took Chinese transliterated non-Chinese regnal names.
Rouran and Europe
It has sometimes been hypothesized that the Rouran are identical to the Eurasian Avars who later appeared in Europe.
Rouran and Avars
The Rouran ( also called Jujuan, Juanjuan and Nirun ) are sometimes equated with the Avars.
The Rouran ( Avars ), whose base was in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as the King of Gaochang in 460, and Gaochang became a separate vassal kingdom of the Rouran Khaganate.
Rouran and under
The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan ( d. 552 ) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran as the main power in the region and took hold of the lucrative Silk Road trade.
Some Rouran under Tatar Khan migrated east founding the Tatar tribes, who became part of the Shiwei.
They later appear in the Qeshi region ( Turpan area ) under the Rouran.
Remnants of the Xiongnu managed to keep their identity until the early 5th century, living on the Orkhon River under the tribal name Bayeqi ( 拔也稽 ) before being eliminated by the Rouran.
Rouran and their
The Göktürks rise to power began in 546 when Bumin Qaghan made a pre-emptive strike against the Uyghur and Tiele tribes who were planning a revolt against their overlords, the Rouran.
Disappointed in his hopes, Bumin allied with the Wei state against Rouran, their common enemy.
The fact that the Rouran branch of the Xianbei used the title ' Khagan ' independently of the Murong shows their close continuity with the early Xianbei.
The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents.
) was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient Turks who rose to prominence in the mid-6th century when their leader, Bumin Khan, revolted against the Rouran.
' Khan ' is first seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 – 289 and was used as a state title by the Rouran confederation.
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