Encouraged and subsidised by the Board of Trustees so it could compete with German products, merchant entrepreneurs became dominant in all stages of linen manufacturing and built up the market share of Scottish linens, especially in the American colonial market.

For example, railways opened the London market to Scottish beef and milk.

Until the very early twentieth century, men living in the southern Appalachians would drive their pigs to market in the flatlands below each Autumn, fattening up their stock on chestnuts and fallen mast, much as their Scottish forebears did for centuries.

* Six utilities ( EDF Energy, Centrica, RWE npower, E. on, Scottish Power and Scottish and Southern Energy ) share 99 % of the retail electricity market.

The earliest precursor to modern complex systems theory can be found in the classical political economy of the Scottish Enlightenment, later developed by the Austrian school of economics, which says that order in market systems is spontaneous ( or emergent ) in that it is the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design.

Prior to the takeover, Menzies ' larger Scottish stores ( carrying a very similar range of products to High Street W H Smith stores elsewhere ) dominated the market, and the latter's presence was minimal.

By 1967, after a series of acquisitions, John Smith's was the largest regional brewer in the country after Scottish & Newcastle, and had a market capitalization of £ 29. 4 million, or £ 415 million in 2010 prices, with family interests still holding around 10 per cent of the company at this time.

However, having discovered the magnificent wild Scottish salmon coming down to the fish market at Billingsgate each summer, they started smoking these fish instead.

Upon deregulation of the United Kingdom ’ s electricity generation market it passed to the state-owned Scottish Nuclear, privatised as part of British Energy which was sold to the French company EDF in January 2009, and incorporated in the latter's UK subsidiary EDF Energy.

The Scottish author Ian Rankin's novel Fleshmarket Close was retitled Fleshmarket Alley for the American market.

In the 18th century, the Scottish social philosopher and political economist Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) proposed that the " truck, barter, and exchange " activities of the market were corresponding economic representations of human nature, that is, the buying and selling of commodities were activities intrinsic to the market, and thus are the " natural behaviour " of the market.

The Scottish economist James Mill restates Say's law in 1808, writing that " production of commodities creates, and is the one and universal cause which creates a market for the commodities produced.

Initially a market town, Peebles played a role in the woollen industry of the Scottish Borders up until the 1960s.

By the end of June, Scottish Television decided to continue producing the series mainly for the Scottish market, but within a month, nearly all the ITV companies reinstated it after viewers complained about the show being dropped in the first place.

The importation of Irish and Scottish cattle through Fleetwood enabled a fortnightly cattle market to be held in Poulton.

Kilsyth has many of the elements associated with a Scottish market town, including a pedestrianised Main Street with a wide range of local and specialist independent shops, attractive parks and gardens at Burngreen and Colzium complete with bandstands, welcoming hostelries such as the Coachman Hotel The Boathouse and The Scarecrow pub, and a choice of local restaurants-European, Indian, Chinese and fish ' n ' chips.

On October 21, 2004, NFL Europe announced that the Scottish Claymores would be discontinued in favour of a franchise in a more competitive German market.

In April 2008 Ofgem launched an investigation into allegations that Scottish Power abused their dominant market position relating to the electricity transmission network they own jointly in Scotland.

Tennent's Lager is Scotland's best-selling pale lager, with approximately 60 % of the Scottish lager market.

The town was not an easy retreat route however, as the people of Sandbach and the market stallholders attacked the Scottish army.

More than 250 Scottish Rite Masons and guests gathered in their House of the Temple to pay tribute to their most prominent leader, Albert Pike, who headed the Scottish Rite from 1859 to 1891.

His family, like many Wallaces, claimed a connection to William Wallace, a Scottish patriot and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century.

* 1714 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader ( d. 1788 )

* In 2005, David McLetchie, leader of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party is forced to resign after claiming the highest taxi expenses of any MSP.

When elections were held to the newly created Scottish Parliament in 1999, as leader of the Scottish Labour Party and through a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, Dewar became the inaugural holder of the First Minister of Scotland post.

In 2000, Dewar died of a brain hemorrhage and was succeeded as First Minister of Scotland and Scottish Labour leader by Henry McLeish.

After a year honing his inquisitorial skills, he joined the front bench in November 1980 as a Scottish affairs spokesman when Michael Foot became party leader.

Meanwhile, the Scottish leader Robert Bruce began retaking all the territory conquered by Edward I.

An election advertisement for Scottish Labour leader Keir Hardie.

The growing importance of the working classes was marked by Keir Hardie's success in the Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888, leading to the foundation of the Scottish Labour Party, which was absorbed into the Independent Labour Party in 1895, with Hardie as its first leader.

* 1722 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader ( d. 1805 )

* 1559 – John Knox returns from exile to Scotland to become the leader of the beginning Scottish Reformation.

* 1676 – Thomas Boston, Scottish church leader ( d. 1732 )

In the 2007 Scottish Parliamentary election, the SNP became the largest political party in the Scottish Parliament for the first time, governing as a minority administration, with party leader Alex Salmond as First Minister of Scotland.

Professor Douglas Young, who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 fought for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers.

* July 18 – Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party.

* June 18 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader ( b. 1714 )

* William Wallace, Scottish national leader

** John Welsh of Ayr, Scottish Presbyterian leader

* August 28 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader ( b. 1722 )

He was born at Haddington, East Lothian, the only son of the Scottish king William the Lion and Ermengarde of Beaumont.

The Scottish forces reached the south coast of England at the port of Dover where in September 1216, Alexander paid homage to the pretender Prince Louis of France for his lands in England, chosen by the barons to replace King John.

In 1255 an interview between the English and Scottish kings at Kelso led to Menteith and his party losing to Durward's party.

* 1640 – Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.

Rhoticity was further supported by Hiberno-English, West Country English and Scottish English as well as the fact most regions of England at this time also had rhotic accents.

Fleming had been a private in the London Scottish Regiment of the Volunteer Force since 1900, and had been a member of the rifle club at the medical school.

The Trust was funded by a gift of $ 10 million ( a then unprecedented sum: at the time, total government assistance to all four Scottish universities was about £ 50, 000 a year ) and its aim was to improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in the Scottish universities and to enable the deserving and qualified youth of Scotland to attend a university.

* 1296 – First War of Scottish Independence: John Balliol's Scots army is defeated by an English army commanded by John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Dunbar.

Areas similar to that of the council area are covered by the Angus Westminster constituency for the UK Parliament and the area is also represented at the Scottish Parliament by both the Angus and North Tayside Holyrood constituencies.

In the Scottish borders country, a system of beacon fires were at one time established to warn of incursions by the English.

A side managed by Oxford University — supposedly the England rugby team, but actually including three Scottish players — toured Argentina at the time: the people of Argentina termed it the " Combined British ".

Even so, forces with inferior weapons have still emerged victorious at times, for example in the Wars of Scottish Independence and in the First Italo – Ethiopian War.

Edward Dwelly in Bealltuinn ( 1911 ) describes a 1 May custom of his day, practised in the Scottish Highlands, where young people met on the moors, lit a bonfire and made an oatmeal cake toasted at the embers.

Instead, from 1 January 1923, almost all the remaining companies were grouped into the " big four ", the Great Western Railway, the London and North Eastern Railway, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway companies ( there were also a number of other joint railways such as the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway and the Cheshire Lines Committee as well as special joint railways such as the Forth Bridge Railway, Ryde Pier Railway and at one time the East London Railway ).

The story got around that he had refused to join the new party because he feared he would not be able to keep his Hamilton seat at a general election ; local Scottish National Party supporters nicknamed him " Chicken George ".

In Scottish Mythology a similar creature is known as the Bean nighe or ban nigheachain ( little washerwoman ) or nigheag na h-àth ( little washer at the ford ).

Scottish brochs at the start of the new millennium, 11-31 in Turner, Val E, Nicholson, Rebecca A, Dockrill, S J & Bond, Julie M ( eds.

In Scotland the only one which has survived the convulsions of the 16th century is Aberdeen Breviary, a Scottish form of the Sarum Office ( the Sarum Rite was much favoured in Scotland as a kind of protest against the jurisdiction claimed by the diocese of York ), revised by William Elphinstone ( bishop 1483 – 1514 ), and printed at Edinburgh by Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar in 1509 – 1510.

Standing at above sea level, it is located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William.

One role of the Swedish central bank was lending to the government, which was likewise true of the Bank of England, created in 1694 by Scottish businessman William Paterson in the City of London at the request of the English government to help pay for a war.

The split with Mebyon Kernow was down to the same debate that was occurring in most of the political parties campaigning for autonomy from the United Kingdom at the time ( for example the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru ), whether to be a centre-left party appealing to the electorate on a social democratic line, or whether to appeal emotionally on a centre-right cultural line.

The French quickly defeated the Scottish at Baleine and established the first permanent settlements on Île Royale: present day Englishtown ( 1629 ) and St. Peter's ( 1630 ).

The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London.