As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.

The first Soviet atomic device was tested on August 29, 1949.

The Eastern leaders retaliated against these steps by integrating the economies of their nations in Comecon, their version of the Marshall Plan ; exploding the first Soviet atomic device in 1949 ; signing an alliance with People's Republic of China in February 1950 ; and forming the Warsaw Pact, Eastern Europe's counterpart to NATO, in 1955.

In the Soviet Union, Vladislav Ivanov filed ( in 1960 ) a document with the USSR State Committee for Inventions and Discovery at Leningrad for a Magnetic Resonance Imaging device, although this was not approved until the 1970s.

* 1961 – Nuclear testing: The Soviet Union detonates the hydrogen bomb Tsar Bomba over Novaya Zemlya ; at 50 megatons of yield, it is still the largest explosive device ever detonated, nuclear or otherwise.

In 1968, at the third IAEA International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research at Novosibirsk, Soviet scientists announced that they had achieved electron temperatures of over 1000 eV in a tokamak device.

The first Soviet bomb was more or less a deliberate copy of the Fat Man plutonium device.

However, the Hall thruster was only developed into an efficient propulsion device in the former Soviet Union, whereas in the US, scientists focused instead on developing gridded ion thrusters.

Four years later, on August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its own nuclear device.

It was also rumored that an analog of such a device was used by the Soviet Union on an experimental basis during the Great Purge.

In 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, Tamm proposed a tokamak system of the realization of CTF on the basis of toroidal magnetic thermonuclear reactor and soon after the first such devices were built by the INF, resulting the T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device from 1968, when the plasma parameters unique for that time were obtained, of showing the temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the community.

* In 2008 it was reported that an electric samovar presented to Elizabeth II in about 1968 by a Soviet aerobatic team was removed from Balmoral Castle as a security precaution amid fears that its wiring could contain a listening device.

Also in 1961, the Soviet Union tested, but did not deploy, a three-stage 50 – 100 megaton device, Tsar Bomba.

The initial 100-megaton design plans for the Soviet Tsar Bomba ( the device actually tested was a 50 % scaled-down version ) included the possibility of a salted variant which, if detonated, could have rendered the Northern Hemisphere nearly uninhabitable.

* 1968-Results from the tokamak, a T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device, which Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov had been working on, shows the temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the fusion community.

In it, the Soviet Ambassador, upon learning that the Americans could not recall a bomber set to deliver nuclear weapons inside the Soviet Union, informs the President that Soviet Premier Kissoff, unable to afford competing in the nuclear arms race, had ordered the creation of a doomsday device.

In August 1949, earlier than U. S. intelligence analysts had anticipated, the Soviet Union tested its first atomic device.

Demonstration of a new Soviet milker device.

Stalin replied to these moves by integrating the economies of Eastern Europe in his version of the Marshall Plan, exploding the first Soviet atomic device in 1949, and signing an alliance with Communist China in February 1950.

29 % thought they were optical illusions, mirages or imagination, 15 % a US secret weapon, 10 % a hoax, 3 % a “ weather forecasting device ”, 1 % of Soviet origin, and 9 % had “ other explanations ”, including fulfillment of Biblical prophecy, secret commercial aircraft, or related to atomic testing.

Shortly after the testing groups were disestablished, the testing ban was lifted briefly when the Soviet Union detonated a nuclear device in the atmosphere in September 1961.

Scholars have debated for some time whether the Soviet Joe 4 device should be considered a true hydrogen bomb.

Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts, and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former Soviet Union.

The nation is making substantial progress in privatizing ownership of what used to be state-owned industries under the former Soviet system.

Assault guns were primarily used during World War II by the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ( ABM Treaty or ABMT ) was a treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons.

Similarly, the Soviet Union used the intermediate-range Tu-22M ' Backfire ' in the 1970s, but their Mach 3 bomber project came to naught.

They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, as well as in France.

Set within the Soviet Union, these two centers were used to field test aircraft and armoured vehicles up to the battalion level, as well as housing aerial and armoured warfare schools through which officers were rotated.

Bolshevik revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky commonly used the terms " Bolshevism " and " Bolshevist " after his exile from the Soviet Union to differentiate between what he saw as true Leninism and the state and party as they existed under Joseph Stalin's leadership.

Historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union used that depiction of events until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

The former Soviet Bloc and other Socialist countries used a Socialist law system.

In some countries, particularly in some Communist countries, the term national bank may be used to indicate both the monetary authority and the leading banking entity, such as the Soviet Union's Gosbank ( state bank ).

Starting from the political purges in the Soviet Union during the Thirties, similar “ brainwashing ” techniques were intermittently and less systematically used by most Stalinist regimes of the twentieth century.

In the Soviet Union, Sergey Korolev headed the GIRD-06 cruise missile project from 1932 – 1939, which used a rocket-powered boost-glide design.

The exact identity of these individuals is confused by the fact that the Soviet Bolshevik government used the term ' bandit ' to cover ordinary criminals as well as armed and unarmed political opponents, such as the anarchists.

Chiang also used American support and military power in China against the ambitions of the Soviet Union to dominate the talks, stopping the Soviets from taking full advantage of the situation in China with the threat of American military action against the Soviets.

For example, NASA's workhorse space shuttle used cryogenic hydrogen / oxygen propellant as its primary means of getting into orbit, and all of the rockets built for the Soviet space program by Sergei Korolev used liquid oxygen as their oxidiser.

Thus B3-34 defined a new command set, which later was used in a series of later programmable Soviet calculators.

The Elektronika MK-52 calculator ( using the extended B3-34 command set, and featuring internal EEPROM memory for storing programs and external interface for EEPROM cards and other periphery ) was used in Soviet spacecraft program ( for Soyuz TM-7 flight ) as a backup of the board computer.

Consequently hahnium was the name that most American and Western European scientists used and appears in many papers published at the time, and nielsbohrium was used in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.

Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.

Chinese Marxists used the term to denounce the Soviet Union during the Sino-Soviet Split, and likewise, the Soviets used the term to identify Chinese Marxists.