He and other Soviet leaders responsible for the document were proud of having brought forward some new formulas, such as the early replacement of the dictatorship of the proletariat by an `` All People's State '', and also of having laid down the lines for a much greater `` democratization '' of the whole hierarchy of Soviets, starting with the Supreme Soviet itself.

These interventions were meant to put an end to democratic liberalization efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet hegemony inside the Eastern bloc, which was considered by the Soviets to be an essential defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with NATO were to break out.

The principles of the doctrine were so broad that the Soviets even used it to justify their military intervention in the non-Warsaw Pact nation of Afghanistan in 1979.

Thereafter, street and water communications were severed, rail and barge traffic was stopped and the Soviets initially stopped supplying food to the civilian population in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin.

The Soviets, who at the time were well behind the West in jet technology, reverse-engineered the Nene, and installed their own version in the MiG-15 interceptor, used to good effect against US-UK forces in the subsequent Korean War, as well as in several later MiG models.

The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans longhand, which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7.

Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba, he reasoned, “ made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States .” On August 10, he wrote a memo to President Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba.

The Soviets were building nine sites — six for R-12 medium-range missiles ( NATO designation SS-4 Sandal ) with an effective range of and three for R-14 intermediate-range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS-5 Skean ) with a maximum range of.

He first told the Americans that they would be welcome in talks between the Soviet Union and China, then secretly told the Soviets that the Americans were unimportant and that their opinions would not be considered.

These large scale raids mainly became possible as the contras were able to use US-provided Redeye missiles against Sandinista Mi-24 helicopter gunships, which had been supplied by the Soviets.

The Soviets were able to launch two Voskhod capsules before the first manned Gemini was launched.

The Soviets were also helped indirectly by the American and British bombing campaigns, which forced the Luftwaffe to shift many of its fighters away from the Eastern Front in defense against these raids.

The Soviets increasingly were able to challenge the Luftwaffe, and while the Luftwaffe maintained a qualitative edge over the Red Air Force for much of the war, the increasing numbers and efficacy of the Soviet Air Force were critical to the Red Army's efforts at turning back and eventually annihilating the Wehrmacht.

She also wrote that the Soviets were " violating girls and women of all ages ", and about her, her daughter's and grandson's suffering as displaced persons in postwar Berlin, where the Germans abandoned them for a possible hostage exchange in April 1945, as the Russians were advancing.

Most of the élite of media and politics shifted their attitudes to match the values that the Soviets were thought to favour and approve.

In 1927, the Soviet Union's Chess Federation established the title of Grandmaster of the Soviet Union, for their own players, since at that time Soviets were not competing outside their own country.

In addition, the British and Americans did not want to deal with anti-Nazis because they were fearful that the Soviet Union would believe they were attempting to make deals behind the Soviets ' back.

The Soviets withdrew from the ACC in 1948 ; subsequently as the other three zones were increasingly unified and granted self-government, the Soviet administration facilitated the development of a separate socialist government in its zone.

By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were closing from the East.

The Reagan administration insisted on the " Communist threat " posed by the Sandinistas — reacting particularly to the support provided to the Sandinistas by Cuban president Fidel Castro, by the Sandinistas ' close military relations with the Soviets and Cubans, but also furthering the Reagan administration's desire to protect U. S. interests in the region, which were threatened by the policies of the Sandinista government.

On another occasion, the Soviets threatened to kidnap and murder his wife ( the death of his son was kept from Hartmann ).

More importantly for them, the Soviets also succeeded in a massive and unprecedented removal of their industry from the threatened war zone to protected areas in the East.

Soon, Leibstandarte Division, commanded by Paul Hausser, was threatened to be surrounded by the Soviets.

Having knowledge of the Regent's effort to come to a separate peace with the Soviets and thus betray the Axis alliance, the Germans kidnapped Horthy's son, Miklos, Jr. and threatened to kill him unless Horthy abdicated in favour of Szálasi.

In February, the Soviets had established the strong Krivasoo bridgehead on the western bank of the Narva and threatened to cut off the entire corps.

In the Historikerstreit ( Historians ' Dispute ) of 1986-88, Jäckel was a prominent critic of Ernst Nolte, whose theory of Nazi crimes as a reaction to Soviet crimes was denounced as ahistorical by Jäckel under the grounds that Hitler held the Soviet Union in contempt and therefore could not have possibly felt threatened by the Soviets as Nolte suggested.

The US had no plan in place because US intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba.

Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident when an American spy plane was shot down over Russia and its pilot captured.

* German leadership rejected Hartenstein's cease fire proposal, partly because Admiral Raeder did not think it wise to enter into a " deal " with the Allies, nothing was to interfere with Eisbär's surprise attack on Cape Town to strike at the supplies destined for the British and Soviets, and Hitler had directed that no word of Laconias sinking or the proposed Axis rescue be transmitted to the Allies, though subordinates ignored Hitler's orders and communicated messages to the Allies about the proposed rescue attempt.

Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets ' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany.

Despite a warming by the Comintern, German tensions were raised when the Soviets stated in September that they must enter Poland to " protect " their ethnic Ukrainian and Belorussian brethren therein from Germany, though Molotov later admitted to German officials that this excuse was necessary because the Soviets could find no other pretext for the Soviet invasion.

Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British – French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

Conversely, in the bleak Orwellian world of " The High Ones "— where the Soviets have won the Third World War and gained control of the whole world — the dissidents still have some hope, precisely because space flight has not been abandoned.

However, because the Soviets were removing Poles from annexed formerly Polish territories, Banach prepared to return to Krakòw.

However, because the Soviets were removing Poles from annexed formerly Polish territories, Banach began preparing to leave the city and settle in Kraków, Poland, where he had been promised a chair at the Jagiellonian University.

Nevertheless, the effect upon military thinking and planning in the US was dramatic, primarily because American military strategists had not anticipated the Soviets would " catch up " so soon.

SDI was criticized by both the Soviets and many of America's allies ( including Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher ) because, were it ever operational and effective, it would have undermined the " assured destruction " required for MAD.

In March 1946, despite repeated requests from Chiang, the Soviet Red Army under the command of general Malinovsky continued to delay pulling out of Manchuria while he secretly told the CPC forces to move in behind them, because Stalin wanted Mao to have firm control of at least the northern part of Manchuria before the complete withdrawal of the Soviets, which led to full-scale war for the control of the Northeast.

The Finnish Democratic Republic was also known as the " Terijoki Government " ( Terijoen hallitus ) because Terijoki was the first town captured by the Soviets.

The West would henceforth regard no area of the world as destined to forego its liberty simply because the Soviets claimed it to be within their sphere of influence.

Later President John F. Kennedy said the Soviets backed down because they knew he had an " Ace in the Hole ," referring directly to the Minuteman missiles of the l0th SMS.

If he chooses to betray them, the Soviets win and Victor is executed with the other partisans as a traitor who cannot be trusted because he betrayed his close friends.

The Swiss military actually redesigned their 5. 56 mm assault rifle bullet to prevent this, to more fully comply with the spirit of the Hague Convention, though according to some sources the present GP90 5. 56x45mm Swiss assault rifle ammunition was actually designed as an armor-piercing bullet, because in the 1980s it was perceived that the Soviets and their Warsaw Pact allies were going to issue soft body armor to infantry units on a wide basis, but after the end of the Cold War, the Bofors corporation, having spent a great deal of money on developing the new bullet, changed the sales pitch in order to sell it to the Swiss government.

As one CIA officer put it, the Soviets " were wrapping up our cases with reckless abandon ," which was highly unusual because the " prevailing wisdom among the Agency's professional ' spy catchers '" was that suddenly eliminating all the assets known to the mole would put him in danger.

Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to Jane's because the " public should be aware of what was going on on the other side ", meaning that the Soviets ' new nuclear-powered aircraft carrier would transform the USSR's military capabilities.

However, the Soviets refused to supply the plane in adequate numbers, and their aerial victories were soon squandered because of their limited use.

" Meanwhile, the Soviets could neither stop bloody clashes between Soviet and Chinese troops along their common border nor bolster a Soviet economy declining, in part, because of heavy military expenditures.

Furthermore, a 2001 thesis presented at the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College using information from Soviet archives and from Oleg Kalugin, indicates that the Pueblo incident may have taken place because the Soviets wanted to study equipment described in documents supplied to them by Walker.