Belgian journalist Jo Gérard has claimed that a family manuscript dated 1781 recounts that potatoes were deep-fried prior to 1680 in what was then the Spanish Netherlands and is now present-day Belgium, in the Meuse valley: " The inhabitants of Namur, Andenne, and Dinant, had the custom of fishing in the Meuse for small fish and frying, especially among the poor, but when the river was frozen and fishing became hazardous, they cut potatoes in the form of small fish and put them in a fryer like those here ".

Two manuscripts are known to have existed, both dated to the late 16th century and written respectively in Italian and in Spanish — although the Spanish manuscript is now lost, its text surviving only in a partial 18th-century transcript.

Subsequent to the preparation of the Preliminary Discourse, the known Spanish manuscript came into Sale's possession.

The known Spanish manuscript was lost in the 18th or 19th centuries ; however, an 18th-century copy of it was discovered in the 1970s in the University of Sydney's Fisher Library among the books of Charles Nicholson, labelled in English " Transcribed from ms. in possession of the Revd Mr Edm.

The main difference between the text in the surviving Spanish copy and that in the Italian manuscript is that in the Spanish copy chapters 121 to 200 are noted as being missing in the exemplar — although it appears that these chapters had still been present in the Spanish original when it was first examined by George Sale.

Bernabé Pons, arguing for the priority of the Spanish version, maintains that these are due to transcription errors perpetrated by the 18th century English scribe who created the Sydney manuscript.

The lost Spanish manuscript claimed to have been written in Istanbul, and the surviving Italian manuscript has several Turkish features ; so, whether the language of origin was Spanish or Italian, Istanbul is regarded by most students as the place of origin of the present text.

The text of the Spanish manuscript has been published with extensive commentary:

** Preface of the Spanish manuscript

This last manuscript, saved from the confiscation decreed by Henry VIII, passed by the will of his daughter Margaret to Spanish hands and through Fray Pedro de Soto, confessor of Emperor Charles V, went to Valencia, home of Luis Vives, a close friend of More.

Nevertheless, the first direct mention of playing cards was in 1299 in a manuscript written in Siena titled " Trattato del governo della familia di Pipozzo di Sandro ", in which the existence of naibbe is mentioned, which is the first term used for playing cards ( naipes in Spanish ), originating from the Arabic word naib (` deputy ') suggesting the name of the game -` the Game of Deputies '.

* Codex Ríos or Codex Vaticanus A, an Italian translation of a Spanish colonial-era manuscript, Codex Telleriano-Remensis

Ximénez transcribed and translated the manuscript in parallel K ' iche ' and Spanish columns ( the K ' iche ' having been represented phonetically with Latin and Parra characters ).

With assistance from the Guatemalan historian and archivist Juan Gavarrete, Scherzer copied ( or had a copy made ) of the Spanish content from the last half of the manuscript, which he published upon his return to Europe.

* A facsimile of the earliest preserved manuscript, in Quiché and Spanish, hosted at The Ohio State University Libraries.

* Ciento i Diez Consideraciones ; all copies of the original edition suppressed by the Spanish Inquisition ; thirty-nine of the Consideraciones, published with the Trataditos, from a Vienna manuscript.

* El Saiterio ( the Psalms from Hebrew into Spanish ), published with the Treta ’ Jitos from Vienna manuscript.

Codex Las Huelgas, a medieval Spanish music manuscript, circa 1300 AD.

The ll and ch were also considered single letters, but in 1994 the Real Academia Española changed collating order so that ll is between lk and lm in the dictionary and ch is between cg and ci, and in 2010 the tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies changed it so they were no longer letters at all < ref > Real Academia Española.

The Spanish term norteamericano ( North American ), is frequently used to refer things and persons from the United States, but this term can also denote people and things from Canada, and the rest of North America.

For referring specifically to a U. S. national and things, the words used are estadunidense ( also spelled estado-unidense ) ( United States person ), from Estados Unidos da América, and ianque ( Yankee ), but the term most often used is norte-americano, even though it could, as with its Spanish equivalent, in theory apply to Canadians, Mexicans, etc., as well.

Alaric II ( Gothic: Alareiks II ), also known as Alarik, Alarich, and Alarico in Spanish and Portuguese or Alaricus in Latin ( d. 507 ) succeeded his father Euric as king of the Visigoths in Toulouse on December 28, 484.

He assumed the title of Alfonso XII, for although no King of united Spain had borne the name " Alfonso XI ", the Spanish monarchy was regarded as continuous with the more ancient monarchy represented by the 11 kings of Asturias, León and Castile also named Alfonso.

It is also similar to the use of quotation marks in many other languages ( including Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Catalan, Dutch and German ).

Louisiana Creole ( also called French Créole ) refers to native born people of the New Orleans area who are descended from the Colonial French and / or Spanish settlers of Colonial French Louisiana, before it became part of the United States in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase.

Chocolate infusions are also popular ( the eating of chocolate is a Spanish influence, although the plant originated in Mesoamerica ).

The Centauro Wheeled Tank Destroyer of the Italian and Spanish Armies, the Chinese anti-tank gun PTL-02 and the French AMX 10 RC heavy armored car are also good examples.

Originally published in modern Hebrew, with a running commentary to facilitate learning, his Steinzaltz edition of the Talmud has also been translated into English, French, Russian and Spanish.

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

The Anglo-Dutch forces gained minor compensation for the failed Moselle campaign with the success at Elixheim and the crossing of the Lines of Brabant in the Spanish Netherlands ( Huy was also retaken on 11 July ), but a chance to bring the French to a decisive engagement had eluded Marlborough.

Spanish Basques also sought refuge in Bayonne in the 20th century during Francisco Franco's repression, with Petit Bayonne still a centre of Basque nationalism.

The idea of being " born again in Christ " inspired some common European forenames: French René / Renée ( also used in the Netherlands ), Dutch Renaat / Renate, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Renato / Renata, Latin Renatus / Renata, which all mean " reborn ", " born again ".

Lesser migrations of Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks, Italians, Spanish, Polish, Scots, English, Jews, Russians and Irish immigrants also contributed to this ethnic mix.

** The Italians and the Spanish also use the word " cifra " to refer to a number.

European ancestors also include Spanish and Italian seamen who were granted land by the Portuguese Empire, followed by Portuguese settlers, exiles, and Portuguese Jews who were victims of the Inquisition.

But under orders of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, he was arrested there, attracting worldwide attention, not only because of the history of Chile and South America, but also because this was one of the first arrests of a former president based on the universal jurisdiction principle.

There were also many unions between the largely male Spanish colonists and indigenous women.

The Spanish Constitution of 1812, and the legislation passed by the Cádiz Cortes after it was set up in 1808, created a number of liberal political and commercial policies, which were welcomed in Cuba but also curtailed a number of previous political and commercial liberties.

Goodhue's designs for Caltech were also influenced by the traditional Spanish mission architecture of Southern California.

The classical guitar ( also called classic guitar, Spanish guitar, nylon-string guitar or concert guitar ) is a 6-stringed plucked string instrument from the family of instruments called chordophones.

Spanish also transported African slaves and forcedly migrated many indigenous tribes throughout Colombia.

The Ministry also created the National Institute of Transit ( from the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Tránsito ), ( INTRA ) under the Transport and tariffs Directorate and was in charge of designing the first National roads plan with the support of many foreign multinational construction companies.

It has been believed that this was also why Peirce used " Santiago " (" St. James " in Spanish ) as a middle name, but he appeared in print as early as 1890 as Charles Santiago Peirce.