" Explicit connections of the earliest Stoics to Heraclitus showing how they arrived at their interpretation are missing but they can be inferred from the Stoic fragments.

The earliest surviving Stoic work, the Hymn to Zeus of Cleanthes, though not explicitly referencing Heraclitus, adopts what appears to be the Heraclitean logos modified.

In this treatise, Alexander opposes the Stoic view that divine providence extends to all aspects of the world ; he regards this idea as unworthy of the gods.

Julius Caesar leaned considerably toward Epicureanism and rejected the idea of an afterlife, which e. g. led to his plea against the death sentence during the trial against Catiline, where he spoke out against the Stoic Cato.

Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity, in Greek and Stoic philosophy and Roman and Canon Law, as well as in the Biblical idea of the covenant, the heyday of the social contract was the mid-seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries, when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy.

Stoic philosophers further developed this idea, reading into the poets not only allegories of natural phenomena, but allegories of ethical behavior.

Although John does not follow up on the Stoic notion that this principle makes union with the divine possible for humanity, it is an idea that later Christian writers develop.

In opposition to Stoic materialism and Epicurean " atheism ," he cherished a pure idea of God that was more in accordance with Plato.

Nevertheless in this theology he approached more closely to the Stoic idea of immanence.

Within the text there are indications that the Sethians had developed ideas of monism, an idea comparable to Heracleon's notion of universal perfection and permanence as expressed through the constancy of the total mass of things within it ( that is, all matter in the universe may only change form, and may not be created or destroyed ), and the later Stoic insistence of nothing existing beyond the material.

Posidonius upheld the Stoic doctrine of Logos, which ultimately passed into Judeo-Christian belief.

* Justin Martyr: Christian apologist and philosopher whose work often focused on the doctrine of the Logos and argued that many Stoic and Platonic philosophical ideas were similar to ideas in the Old Testament

As Max Heinze shows, this doctrine touches upon the Platonic doctrine of ideas as well as the Stoic doctrine of the γενικώτατόν τι ( literally: " general what " or " generic what "-- " that which cannot be categorized ") and the Neo-Pythagorean doctrine of the type that served at the creation of the world ; and in the shaping of the λόγος τομεύς (" dividing Logos ") it touches upon the Heraclitean doctrine of strife as the moving principle.

In his First Apology, Justin used the Stoic concept of the Logos as a way of arguing for Christianity to non-Jews.

Also influenced by Stoic philosophical concepts, he used the Greek term logos, " word ," for the role and function of Wisdom, a concept later adapted by the author of the Gospel of John in the opening verses and applied to Jesus Christ as the eternal Word ( Logos ) of God the Father.

He was a student of the two Stoic, or possibly Peripatetic, philosophers Sosigenes and Herminus, and perhaps of Aristotle of Mytilene.

In On Fate Alexander denied three things-necessity (), the foreknowledge of fated events that was part of the Stoic identification of God and Nature, and determinism in the sense of a sequence of causes that was laid down beforehand () or predetermined by antecedents ().

The Stoic Seneca states in his Apocolocyntosis that Claudius ' voice belonged to no land animal, and that his hands were weak as well ; however, he showed no physical deformity, as Suetonius notes that when calm and seated he was a tall, well-built figure of dignitas.

The Stoic philosopher Epictetus posited that the greatest good was contentment and serenity.

Epictetus (; AD 55 – AD 135 ) was a Greek sage and Stoic philosopher.

and attracted both Stoic and Platonic philosophers, to whom Galen was exposed at age 14.

He tells us ( Dialogue 2-8 ) that he tried first the school of a Stoic philosopher, who was unable to explain God's being to him.

But at the same time he adopted the Stoic doctrine of the " seminal word ," and so philosophy was to him an operation of the Word — in fact, through his identification of the Word with Christ, it was brought into immediate connection with him.

He was the last of the " Five Good Emperors ", and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.

Whereas the " higher " law Aristotle suggested one could appeal to was emphatically natural, in contradistinction to being the result of divine positive legislation, the Stoic natural law was indifferent to the divine or natural source of the law: the Stoics asserted the existence of a rational and purposeful order to the universe ( a divine or eternal law ), and the means by which a rational being lived in accordance with this order was the natural law, which spelled out action that accorded with virtue.

The Stoic was committed to preserving proper hierarchical roles and duties in the state so that the state as a whole would remain stable.

Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 BC.

This coincides with the influences of Cynic teaching, and was, at least in part, continued in his Stoic philosophy.

Chrysippus of Soli ( Ancient Greek:, ; c. 279 BC – c. 206 BC ) was a Greek Stoic philosopher.

He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school.

Chrysippus moved to Athens, where he became the disciple of Cleanthes, who was then the head ( scholarch ) of the Stoic school.

Chrysippus was succeeded as head of the Stoic school by his pupil Zeno of Tarsus.

In short, Chrysippus made the Stoic system what it was.

Stoic logic, on the other hand, was concerned with the interrelations of propositions such as " it is day " (" if it is day, it is light: but it is day: so it is light ").

In one of a few exceptions to the rule that Black Roman literature was essentially superficial imitation of Greek works, the Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca wrote several closet-drama tragedies in exile, never meant for live performance.

Several original treatises also survive, and include a work On Fate, in which he argues against the Stoic doctrine of necessity ; and one On the Soul.

In his Pumpkinification ( 54 ) he ridiculed several behaviors and policies of Claudius that every Stoic should have applauded ; a reading of the text shows it was also an attempt to gain Nero's favor by flattery — such as proclaiming that Nero would live longer and be wiser than the legendary Nestor.

He may also have taught Cleanthes, Zeno's successor as head of the Stoic school.

Posidonius also affirmed the Stoic doctrine of the future conflagration.

The Greek elements were borrowed partly from Platonic philosophy, insofar as the divine powers were conceived as types or patterns of actual things (" archetypal ideas "), and partly from Stoic philosophy, insofar as those powers were regarded as the efficient causes that not only represent the types of things, but also produce and maintain them.

This second goal also provided Cato with an opportunity to burnish his Stoic credentials: the province was rich both in gold and opportunities for extortion.

He is to be distinguished from the Stoic Theon, who lived in the time of Augustus and also wrote on rhetoric.

" Lucan is also an important model for the writing of historical epic, geographical excursus, and Stoic tone, although Silius ' approach toward the gods in much more traditional.

She argues that the Gospel stems from a monistic view of creation rather than the dualistic one central to Gnostic theology and also that the Gospel ’ s views of both Nature and an opposite nature are more similar to Jewish, Christian, and Stoic beliefs.

Quotes: " It is the Testament of a Christian who is also a Stoic ; the Credo of a natural and kindly humorist whose wit has not been blunted by blindness.

Mably's writings contain a paradox: he praises elitist Plato, but also the enlightened Stoic views on natural human equality.

His work is also consistent with the Stoic and Neoplatonic traditions which interpreted myth as a representation of deeper spiritual processes.

Special mention might also be made of the Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius, a work that combines Platonic, Christian, and Stoic thought on the nature of suffering.

The Stoic philosopher Seneca also killed himself in response to a request by his pupil, the Roman Emperor Nero, who himself was forced to commit suicide at a later date.

* Polemon of Athens, a 2nd century BC Stoic philosopher, also referred to as Polemon of Ilium

Diogenes of Babylon ( also known as Diogenes of Seleucia ; c. 230-c. 150 / 140 BC ) was a Stoic philosopher.