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Sumerian and King
The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List ; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû (" of or belonging to Akkad ") was likely derived from this.
The first known mention of the city of Akkad is in an inscription of Enshakushanna of Uruk, where he claims to have defeated Agade — indicating that it was in existence well before the days of Sargon of Akkad, whom the Sumerian King List claims to have built it.
Manishtushu's son and successor, Naram-Sin ( 2254 – 2218 BC ) ( Beloved of Sin ), assumed the imperial title " King Naram-Sin, king of the four quarters ( Lugal Naram-Sîn, Šar kibrat ' arbaim )", and, like his grandfather, was addressed as " the god ( Sumerian
Adapa, the first man fashioned, later goes and acts as the advisor to the King of Eridu, when in the Sumerian Kinglist, the " Me " of " kingship descends on Eridu ".
* Control of the " holy " city of Nippur and its temple priesthood generally meant hegemony over most of Sumer, as listed on the Sumerian King List ; at one point, the Nippur priesthood conferred the title of queen of Sumer on Kugbau, a popular taverness from nearby Kish ( who was later deified as Kubaba ).
Concerning the earlier centuries, the Sumerian King List provides a tentative political history of ancient Sumer.
So far evidence for the earliest periods of the Early Bronze Age in Mesopotamia is very limited. Mesh-Ane-pada is the first king mentioned in the Sumerian King List, and appears to have lived in the 26th century BC.
The Sumerian King List is an ancient manuscript originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer ( ancient southern Iraq ) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of " official " kingship.
The following extant ancient sources contain the Sumerian King List, or fragments:
In 1869, Oppert proposed the name " Sumerian ", based on the known title " King of Sumer and Akkad ", reasoning that if Akkad signified the Semitic portion of the kingdom, Sumer might describe the non-Semitic annex.
Other Sumerian texts showed that kings were to be married to Inanna in a sacred marriage, for example a hymn that describes the sacred marriage of King Iddid-Dagan ( ca 1900 BCE ).
These dynasties are not found on the Sumerian King List, although one extremely fragmentary supplement has been found in Sumerian, known as the rulers of Lagash.
The standard ancient Sumerian King List ( WB 444 ) lists various mythical antediluvian kings and gives them reigns of several tens of thousands of years.
The " flood " described in the Sumerian King List, is believed to have a historical basis, and has been dated 2900 BC.
A comparison and contrast of " longevity in antiquity " ( such as the Sumerian King List, the genealogies of Genesis, and the Persian Shahnameh ) with " longevity in historical times " ( common-era cases through twentieth-century news reports ) is elaborated in detail in Lucian Boia's 2004 book Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity from Antiquity to the Present and other sources.
Age claims for the earliest eight Sumerian kings in the major recension of the Sumerian King List were in units and fractions of shar ( 3, 600 years ) and totaled 67 shar or 241, 200 years.
One of the earliest mentions of an incubus comes from Mesopotamia on the Sumerian King List, ca.
This makes the Chronology of the ancient Near East very difficult to reconstruct, based on disparate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List or the Babylonian Canon of Kings.
The Sumerian King, Gilgamesh, sent word out to Hercules to aid him and his people against the sudden " terror " of the Sumerian gods.

Sumerian and List
A Classified List of Sumerian Ideographs by R. Brünnow appeared in 1889.
In the Sumerian King List, it relies on the flood motif to divide its history into preflood and postflood periods.
According to the Sumerian King List, he was the son of Naram-Sin and reigned for 25 ( or 24 ) years-around 2100 BC.
# REDIRECT Sumerian King List
One king of Adab, Lugal-Anne-Mundu, appearing in the Sumerian King List, is mentioned in few contemporary inscriptions ; some that are much later copies claim that he established a vast, but brief empire stretching from Elam all the way to Lebanon and the Amorite territories along the Jordan.

Sumerian and describing
According to inscriptions describing the reforms of the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ( ca.
The god Enki ( lord of the underworld sea of fresh water and Sumerian equivalent of Babylonian god Ea ) warns Ziusudra, the ruler of Shuruppak, to build a large boat ; the passage describing the directions for the boat is also lost.
The first known use of the word freedom in a political context dates back to the 24th century BC, in a text describing the restoration of social and economic liberty in Lagash, a Sumerian city-state.

Sumerian and Akkadian
Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ).
In later Assyrian and Babylonian texts, the name Akkad, together with Sumer, appears as part of the royal title, as in the Sumerian LUGAL KI. EN. GIR < sup > KI </ sup > URU < sup > KI </ sup > or Akkadian Šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi, translating to " king of Sumer and Akkad ".
During the Akkadian period, the Akkadian language became the lingua franca of the Middle East, and was officially used for administration, although the Sumerian language remained as a spoken and literary language.
One strategy adopted by both Sargon and Naram-Sin, to maintain control of the country, was to install their daughters, Enheduanna and Emmenanna respectively, as high priestess to Sin, the Akkadian version of the Sumerian moon deity, Nanna, at Ur, in the extreme south of Sumer ; to install sons as provincial ensi governors in strategic locations ; and to marry their daughters to rulers of peripheral parts of the Empire ( Urkesh and Marhashe ).
The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian ( and vice versa ) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.
This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.
Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.
Sumerian literature continued in rich development during the Akkadian period ( a notable example being Enheduanna ).
She thereby unites the warlike Akkadian Ishtar's qualities to those of the gentler Sumerian goddess of love and fecundity.
The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian ( and vice versa ) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.
This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.
Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.
The ancient Assyrians also used the Sumerian language in their literature and liturgy, although to a more limited extent in the Middle-and Neo-Assyrian periods, when Akkadian became the main literary language.
The oldest known dictionaries were Akkadian Empire cuneiform tablets with bilingual SumerianAkkadian wordlists, discovered in Ebla ( modern Syria ) and dated roughly 2300 BCE .< ref name = " imlqdg ">
Enlil ( nlin ), ( EN = Lord + LÍL = Storm, " Lord ( of the ) Storm ") was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in Sumerian religion, and later in Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets.
The Elamite, Akkadian, and possibly Sumerian forms are from an unrecorded substrate language.
Enki () or Enkil ( Sumerian: ) is a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology.
Several parallel animal fables in Sumerian and Akkadian are among those that Erich Ebeling introduced to modern Western readers ; there are comparable fables from Egypt's Middle Kingdom, and Hebrew fables such as the " king of trees " in Book of Judges 9: 8-15 and " the thistle and the cedar tree " in II Kings 14: 9.
In the past the favoured derivation of the name " Eden " was from the Akkadian edinnu, itself derived from a Sumerian word meaning " plain " or " steppe ", but it is now believed to be more closely related to an Aramaic root meaning " fruitful, well-watered.

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