Çatalhöyük (; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without diacritics ; çatal is Turkish for " fork ", höyük for " mound ") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC.

During his reign as Sultan, Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire.

All Greek-speaking enclaves in Anatolia were exchanged for Turkish speakers in Greece during the final settlement of the border with Greece at the beginning of the Turkish Republic in 1923.

Turkish nationalists rejected the settlement by the Sultan's four signatories.

During the 16th century, Turkish naval attacks destroyed Maó, and the then capital, Ciutadella, before Turkish settlement took place on some of the island.

The archaeological site is situated within the settlement zone of the present-day Turkish village of Ildırı.

By 1923 whatever Greek population remained was expelled in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey and shortly after the Turkish population moved to a more favorable location, which they called Güllü Bahçe, " rose garden ", the old Greek settlement partly still in use, today with the name Gelebeç or Kelebeş.

Turkish settlement during the Menteşe period usually took place through migrations along the Kütahya-Tavas axis.

The settlement gain its importance in Tsar Lazar's period, before the Turkish invasion, when the fortress on Hisar Hill was rebuilt.

There is still dispute over the motives for this, some arguing that it was made necessary by the intimidation of the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriots ; others suggest that the Turkish community was sabotaging the Cypriot settlement and already preparing for partition by Turkey.

He served briefly as secretary to the French ambassador in Morocco, and was interpreter to the French forces sent against Algiers, contributing to the satisfactory settlement of the treaty of peace, which was drawn up by him in Turkish and ratified in 1684.

The settlement named " Karasu " ( Turkish for " Black Water ") was mentioned on the map of Iehuda ben Zara in 1497, in the notes of Paolo Giorgio ( 1590 ) and Evliya Çelebi ( 1653 ).

Although the history of the settlement in the Middle Ages is unknown, during the Ottoman rule of the Balkans it became a Muslim-majority town called Cuma-ı Bala, meaning Upper Juma in Persian and Ottoman Turkish.

In the 17th century, a new urban settlement developed, once the threat from Turkish and Moroccan pirates disappeared, and at the beginning of the 18th century, an inn was opened near the beach, offering accommodation to travellers, muleteers and seafarers.

In the meantime the efforts of the Allies to negotiate a peace settlement between Greece and the Turkish Nationalists which had been commenced in the previous year, were continued.

In 1838, the settlement was described as being " a Turkish town, situated on the western coast of the Pagasitic Gulf, half an hour's journey inland, on the Plain of Krokios, and consisting of some 300 dwellings.

Early 19th century, there stood an old Turkish castle ( the Morea Castle ) at the cape, with a small settlement outside its walls.

Renowned Turkish traveler Ovliya Calabi, who lived in the AD 17th century, wrote about Mingecevir and described it as a large settlement on the right bank of the River Kur near the Bozdag Mountain.

Another etymology is that the name originates from the Turkish zongalık which means swamp or zongura or it may have arisen from the name of the nearby ancient settlement of Sandraka or Sandrake.

Under these conditions the Turkish government approved the appropriation of the 90 % of the cultivated areas of the island and the settlement of additional 6, 000 ethnic Turks from mainland Turkey.

Its adapted form Bergama has been used in Turkish language sources since the Turkish settlement in the region.

However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.

However, following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, Anatolia was defined by the Turkish government as being effectively co-terminous with Asian Turkey.

The modern Turkish name of Anatolia remains Anadolu, loaned from the Greek.

Almost 80 % of the people currently residing in Anatolia are Turkish.

While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia.

Subsequently, the Galatians continued to be subsumed into the Greek world until their culture was barely indistinguishable from the Greeks before disappearing under the Turkish and Islamic Jihad and Genocide of Byzantine Anatolia.

In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

The Byzantines were frequently at war with the Seljuqs and other Turkish dynasties for control of Anatolia and Syria.

Murad II's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christian feudal lords of the Balkans and the Turkish emirates in Anatolia, a conflict that lasted 25 years.

The Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: د َ و ْ ل َ ت ِ ع َ ل ِ ي ّ ه ٔ ع ُ ثم َ ان ِ ی ّ ه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿO < u > s </ u > mâniyye Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in northwestern Anatolia.

The general diffusion of Turkish populations over Anatolia, before Osman's time, was in main part a push from the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, Iran and then East Anatolia.

Although they were all of Turkish stock, they were all rivals for dominant status in Anatolia.

Today, based on the Ottoman archives, we know that his full name was " Hadji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri " and that he was born either in Gelibolu ( Gallipoli ) on the European part of the Ottoman Empire ( in present-day Turkish Thrace ), or in Karaman ( his father's birthplace ) in central Anatolia, then the capital of the Beylik of Karaman ( annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1487 ).

The Seljuqs of the Oghuz Turks, in particular, brought their language, Oghuz Turkic — the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language — into Anatolia during the 11th century.

The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans, the speakers of which account for about 40 % of all Turkic speakers.

Troy (, Ilion, or, Ilios ; and, Troia ; Latin: Trōia and Īlium ; Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa ; Turkish: Truva ) was a city, both factual and legendary, in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, south of the southwest end of the Dardanelles / Hellespont and northwest of Mount Ida.

Although the same parties had previously signed the Treaty of Sèvres, it was rejected before it had been ratified, by the Turkish national movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who fought against the terms of the treaty and the occupation of Anatolia.

Because Yunus Emre is, after Ahmet Yesevi and Sultan Walad, one of the first known poets to have composed works in the spoken Turkish of his own age and region rather than in Persian or Arabic, his diction remains very close to the popular speech of his contemporaries in Central and Western Anatolia.

Byzantine civil war resulted in Turkish conquest of Anatolia.

The Exchange therefore only involved the Greeks of central Anatolia ( both Greek and Turkish speaking ), and the Greeks of Pontus, a total of roughly 189, 916.