In the Iliad, Apollo is the healer under the gods, but he is also the bringer of disease and death with his arrows, similar to the function of the terrible Vedic god of disease Rudra.

The most ancient Vedic devas included Indra, Agni, Soma, Varuna, Mitra, Savitri, Rudra, Prajapati, Vishnu, Aryaman, and the ashvins.

In Hinduism the Marutas (), also known as the Marutagana and sometimes identified with Rudras, are storm deities and sons of Rudra and Prisni and attendants of Indra, an ancient Vedic deity who later came to be identified with Shiva.

In Vedic mythology, Rudras are described as loyal companions of Rudra, who later was identified with Shiva.

But poets of the Rigveda forced the Maruts take the position of the Rudras to give status of a Vedic god to Rudra.

In Vedic times it was used as an epithet of Rudra.

According to Venerable Tripitaka Master Bhikshu Shramana Hsuan Hua's " Shurangama Mantra Commentary " ( Buddhist Text Translation Society of the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas, 1981, Volume 1 ), the Shurangama Mantra mystically and literally includes all of the Buddha Dharma in its entirety, and its focus is on the Five Dhyana Buddhas ( Vairochana, Amitabha ), Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava, and Amoghasiddhi, with stress on Vairochana and Ashobhya Buddhas ) and their retinues of Dharmapalas and wrathful deities in male and female forms, such as Vajrapani, wrathful Manjushri, Mahakala, Tara, Pandaravasini, Prakruti, Uchushma Fire Head Vajra, Brahma, Indra, Shiva as Rudra, Raudri-Umapati form of Vajrayogini, Narayana, Ganapati, various Dhakinis, Naga kings, Yaksha kings, Rakshasha kings, and many other Dharma Protectors of the Buddhist Pantheon and Vedic pantheon.

* Extreme Metal veterans Rudra who created a new metal genre called Vedic Metal and a cult following worldwide.

* Rudra ( Black / Death Metal, Vedic Metal )

Recently, alternative, metal, grindcore, punk rock and rock acts from Singapore who may have gained some profile in countries other than the city-state of Singapore include John Klass, Firebrands, Stompin ' Ground, Ling Kai, Inch Chua, Ronin, Anna Judge April, Electrico, Force Vomit, 4-Sides, Vermillion, West Grand Boulevard, Plainsunset, Etc, Caracal, Popland, The Great Spy Experiment, Sky In Euphoria, Rancor, Saw Loser ( formerly known as Pug Jelly ), Malex ( Power Metal ), A Vacant Affair ( Post-hardcore band ), For Better Endings ( Experimental Hardcore band ), Death Metal and Rudra who are significant for creating the genre " Vedic Metal ".

Some major deities of the Vedic tradition include Indra, Surya, Agni, Vayu, Varuna, Mitra, Aditi, Yama, Soma, Ushas, Sarasvati, Prithvi, and Rudra.

*, meaning " archer ", an epithet of the Vedic deity Rudra, and subsequently of the Hindu deity Shiva.

The 2nd century AD literary work Paṭṭiṉappālai written by the Brahmin poet Uruttirangannanar ( Kannan, son of Rudra ) records the presence of Brahmins and Vedic rites in Karikala's kingdom.

When written in Devanagari, Vedic Sanskrit has an alphabet of 53 letters, including the visarga mark for final aspiration and special letters for kš and jñ, though one of the letters is theoretical and not actually used.

In modern Hinduism slaughter according to the rituals permitted in the Vedic scriptures has become less common, though, the world's largest animal sacrifice occurs at Gadhimai, a Hindu festival which takes place every 5 years.

In traditional Hindu society, dharma has historically denoted a variety of ideas, such as Vedic ritual, ethical conduct, caste rules, and civil and criminal law.

This word has been used as an epithet of various Vedic deities, like Varuna, and has been attested in the Holy Rig Veda, possibly the oldest compiled book among the Indo-Europeans.

The pair has been compared to similar figures found in Greek, Roman and Vedic mythology, and may also be connected to beliefs surrounding the Germanic " wolf-warrior bands ", the Úlfhéðnar.

It has been proposed that the Sarasvati of the early Rigveda corresponds to the Ghaggar-Hakra before these changes took place ( the " Old Ghaggar "), and the late Vedic end Epic Sarasvati disappearing in the desert to the Ghaggar-Hakra following the diversion of Sutlej and Yamuna.

In post-Rig Vedic texts ( Brahmanas ) the Sarasvati (" she who has ( many ) lakes "), is said to disappear (" dive under ") in the desert.

In present times, the movement has grown to encompass schools and universities that teach the practice, and includes many associated programs offering health and well-being based on the Maharishi's interpretation of the Vedic traditions.

He greeted the youngest of the nations on behalf of " the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance.

If the name has an Indo-European etymology, it is possibly a suffixed form of a root * wel-" to turn, roll ", or of * sel-" to flow, run ".< ref > The American Heritage Dictionary, " Indo-European roots: wel < sup > ₂ </ sup >"</ ref > The latter possibility would allow comparison to the Vedic Sanskrit Saraṇyū, a character who is abducted in Rigveda 10. 17. 2.

The concept of a universal principle of natural order, has been compared with similar concepts in other cultures like the Vedic Rta, the Avestan Asha ( Arta ) and the Egyptian Maat.

She has argued for the wisdom of many traditional practices, as is evident from her interview in the book Vedic Ecology ( by Ranchor Prime ) that draws upon India's Vedic heritage.

The identification of the Sun with a wheel, or a chariot, has parallels in Germanic, Greek and Vedic mythology ( see sun chariot ).

Also, he supports the whole world, a role which has been assigned to Lord Vishnu in later Vedic pantheon.

According to Yaska, Sanskrit scholar of the 5th century BCE, who made various attempts to interpret difficult Vedic mythologies in his work Nirukta ( Etymology ) ( 12, 12 ), the time of Savitr ’ s appearance is when darkness has been removed.

Shri Aurobindo has enumerated the symbolic significance of the Vedic Gods in his book " The Secret of the Vedas ".

Sacred haoma has its origins in Indo-Iranian religion and is the cognate of Vedic soma.

It has its origin in ancient Vedic culture at least as far back as 1500 BC.

The International Society of Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON ), has set up a number of schools-gurukulas, as well as modern day schools-which concurrently provide a traditional material and spiritual Vedic education.

However, the primacy of Vedic deities has been seconded to the deities of Puranic literature.

Hinduism places faith in a Vedic proclamation which states that " Truth is One, though the sages know it by many names "; Hinduism has no conversion / reconversion rituals whatsoever — one is free to choose any religion he / she wants, follow any philosophy or belief one fancies and worship any god in a manner he / she deems fit.

The late Reverend Pandurang Shastri Athavale has given a plethora of discourses regarding the symbolism and rational basis for many principles in the Vedic tradition.

Together with the Gandhara grave culture and the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, it is considered by some scholars a nucleus of Vedic civilization.

The multitude of deities, or Devas, of the historical Vedic religion have a subordinate and secondary status vis-a-vis the One Supreme God, a status that some authors have even tried to express by comparing it to that of Western demigods or angels ; Prakashanand Saraswati, in " The true history and the religion of India ", prefers the term " celestial gods ".

We know of no clearly arithmetical material in ancient Egyptian or Vedic sources, though there is some algebra in both.

The Vedic Period also established republics such as Vaishali, which existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE.

Proponents of cultural transmission have looked for links between Iron Age Celtic, Greek and Vedic philosophy and religion, some even suggesting that belief in reincarnation was present in Proto-Indo-European religion.

Oldham and Jane Macintosh, while some Vedic scholars ( e. g. Kochhar 1999 ) believe the Helmand River of southern Afghanistan corresponds to the Sarasvati River.

Clearly, in early Vedic religion, both the Asura and the Devas were deities who constantly competed with each other, some bearing both designations at the same time.

The rishis were prominent when Vedic Hinduism took shape, as far back as some three thousand years ago.

In the Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka of the Mahavagga ( I. 245 ) section the Buddha pays respect to Jamadagni by declaring that the Veda in its true form was declared to the Vedic rishis " Atthako, Vâmako, Vâmadevo, Vessâmitto, Yamataggi ( Jamadagni ), Angiras, Bhâradvâjo, Vâsettho, Kassapo, and Bhagu " and because that true Veda was altered by some priests he refused to pay homage to the altered version.

In all the cases which are to be found in the Vedic literature we are able to say with a fair degree of plausibility that the conception formed itself from the use of the epithet in question in the first place of some concrete god, and then, after denoting that deity in the special field of action, it was gradually made into a separate deity concerned merely with the sphere of action in question.

One of her names, Hara ( mentioned in Narada-pancaratra 5. 5. 59 ), in vocative Hare, forms a part of the Hare Krishna ' Maha-Mantra ', one of the most popular Vedic mantras, especially among certain sects of Gaudiya Vaishnavas ( some other sects among Gaudiya Vaishnavas explain that the word " Hare " in the mantra is the vocative form of " Hari ", which is also a name of God ).

In the Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka of the Mahavagga ( I. 245 ) section the Buddha pays respect to Angiras by declaring that the Veda in its true form was declared to the Vedic rishis " Atthako, Vâmako, Vâmadevo, Vessâmitto, Yamataggi, Angiraso, Bhâradvâjo, Vâsettho, Kassapo, and Bhagu " and because that true Veda was altered by some priests he refused to pay homage to the altered version.

In the Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka of the Mahavagga ( I. 245 ) section the Buddha pays respect to Vishwamitra by declaring that the Veda in its true form was declared to the Vedic rishis " Atthako, Vâmako, Vâmadevo, Vessâmitto, Yamataggi, Angiraso, Bhâradvâjo, Vâsettho, Kassapo, and Bhagu " and because that true Veda was altered by some priests he refused to pay homage to the altered version.

The earliest Vedic literature listed by organisation of function, not of caste, the Kshatriya ( holders of, or authority ) as first in rank, and the Brahmins second ( priests and teachers of law ), before the Vaisya ( Cattle-herders, merchant-traders, farmers and some artisan castes ), and the Sudra ( labourers, some farming castes and other artisan castes ).

Some transcriptions render notation of phonetic variants used in some Vedic shakhas with variant transcription ().

Texts dating to the Vedic period, composed in Vedic Sanskrit, are mainly the four Vedic Samhitas, but the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and some of the older Upanishads ( Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Chāndogya, Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana ) are also placed in this period.

In the Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka of the Mahavagga ( I. 245 ) section the Buddha pays respect to Vishwamitra by declaring that the Veda in its true form was declared to the Vedic rishis " Atthako, Vâmako, Vâmadevo, Vessâmitto, Yamataggi, Angiras, Bhâradvâjo, Vâsettho, Kassapo, and Bhagu " and because that true Veda was altered by some priests he refused to pay homage to the altered version.

While Bhattacharya's view is mostly undisputed, some scholars like Shankaranarayanan attribute her to Vedic ( ancient Hindu ) antecedents.

He consolidated the Advaita Vedanta, an interpretation of the Vedic scriptures that continued the line of thought of some of the Upanishadic teachers, Shankara's teacher Govinda Bhagavatpada, Govinda's teacher Gaudapada, and Gaudapada's teacher Ajativada.

Some scholars have argued, citing early Hindu scriptures and archaeological evidence, that the cow has not always been sacred and that cows, oxen, and bulls were both sacrificed and eaten in Vedic times and to some extent even later.

Chapter 1, is a very late Vedic chapter, which even has some Puranic names ; it is usually called the Āruṇa praśna for the particular style of fire-brick piling dealt with in the text.