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Xia and Shang
100 BC ) and Bamboo Annals assert the existence of a Xia Dynasty before the Shang.
With few clear records matching the Shang oracle bones or the Zhou bronze vessel writings, the Xia era remains poorly understood.
Hence, as some scholars of China suggest, the Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.
*** The Classic of History is a collection of documents and speeches of the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou and period before.
* King Cheng Tang of Shang of China, first ruler of Shang Dynasty, ruled China for 29 years since 1600 BC according to the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project.
* c. 1600 BC: Jie of Xia is overthrown by Tang of Shang in the Battle of Mingtiao
* Jie, The last ruler of Xia Dynasty, ruled China for 52 years until 1600 BC according to the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project.
* 1766 BCE: Shang conquest of Xia Dynasty.
The doctrine explained and justified the demise of the Xia and Shang dynasties and, at the same time, supported the legitimacy of present and future rulers.
Below dates are those published by the XiaShangZhou Chronology Project ( dates in Chinese history before the first year of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are contentious ).
The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商朝 ; pinyin: shāng cháo ) or Yin Dynasty ( 殷代 ; pinyin: yīn dài ), according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia Dynasty and followed by the Zhou Dynasty.
The results of the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project place them between 1600 BC and 1046 BC.
Chinese historians living in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, and readily identified the Zhengzhou and Erlitou sites with the early Shang and Xia Dynasty of traditional histories.
The actual political situation in early China may have been more complicated, with the Xia and Shang being political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou, who established the successor state of the Shang, are known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.
The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang Dynasty ( 1600 – 1046 BC ).
After the defeat of Xia by Shang, the imperial descendants scattered and were absorbed by the nearby clans, and some members of the royal family of Xia Dynasty survived as the Qi ( Henan ) state until 445 BC.

Xia and Zhou
According to the Han Shu 21a, 973, for the moment of unification the Middle kingdoms had 6 different calendars: those of the mythological progenitors Yellow Emperor ( 黄帝曆 ) and Zhuanxu ( 顓頊曆 ); of the dynasties Xia ( 夏曆 ), Yin ( 殷曆 ), and Zhou ( 周曆 ), and of the Zhou Dynasty state of Lu ( 鲁曆 ).
The tradition of tracing Chinese political history from heroic early emperors to the Xia to succeeding dynasties comes from the idea of the Mandate of Heaven, in which only one legitimate dynasty can exist at any given time, and was promoted by the Confucian school in the Eastern Zhou period, later becoming the basic position of imperial historiography and ideology.
The development of this mythical Xia, Allan argues, is a necessary act on the part of the Zhou Dynasty, who justify their conquest of the Shang by noting that the Shang had supplanted the Xia.
In the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Tuoba brought troops to suppress the Huang Chao Rebellion on behalf of the Tang court and took control of the Xia State, or Xia Zhou, in northern Shaanxi in 881.
In the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Tuoba brought troops to suppress the Huangchao Rebellion on behalf of the Tang court and took control of the Xia State, or Xia Zhou, in northern Shaanxi in 881.
Founded in 1958, the Luoyang Museum features ancient relics dating back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Incense was used by Chinese cultures from Neolithic times and became more widespread in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties.
It is not known when the game of Liubo originated, although according to legend it was invented by Wu Cao ( 烏曹, called Wu Zhou 烏胄 in the early 2nd century CE Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ), a minister to King Jie, the last king of the Xia Dynasty, who according to traditional chronology reigned 1728 BCE – 1675 BCE.
# 12 volumes of Benji ( 本紀 ), " Basic Annals " or " Imperial Biographies ", contain the biographies of all prominent rulers from the Yellow Emperor to Qin Shi Huang and the kings of Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties.

Xia and Chronology
The government of the People's Republic of China sponsored the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, a multidisciplinary project that sought to give better estimates for dates prior to 841 BC, but the project's draft report, published in 2000, has been criticized by various scholars.
The XiaShangZhou Chronology Project identified all four phases of Erlitou as Xia, and the construction of the Yanshi walled city as the founding of the Shang.

Xia and existed
Even though archaeological evidence has been found at Erlitou that indicate the Xia Dynasty existed from about 2100 BC to 1800 BC, they are not usually considered a true dynasty.
The Zhou said that the Xia Dynasty had existed long before the Shang, and that they too were overthrown by reason of their losing the Mandate.
Although the archaeological record shows clearly that multiple cultures and kingdoms existed in the area that was to become China, Chinese archaeologists continue to date all Bronze Age sites to the Xia, Shang or Zhou, implying that the territory controlled today belonged to the ancestors of the current Chinese state.
By the time that the Mongols emerged in the thirteenth century, the only " Donghu people " who existed were the " Tu " in Western Xia.
Since the discovery of Erlitou, scholars have speculated on its relationship to the Xia Dynasty described by ancient historians as having existed in the Yellow River area.
According to Chinese records, this family traces its ancestral roots to the ancient Kingdom of Gu, which existed as a tributary kingdom during the Xia Dynasty ( around 2200 B. C ), in current-day Henan province.

Xia and between
In the ensuing years, China was divided between the Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Tangut Western Xia.
In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song Dynasty, the Tanguts-led Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao Dynasty in the northeast.
According to the traditional chronology based upon calculations by Liu Xin, the Xia ruled between 2205 and 1766 BC ; according to the chronology based upon the Bamboo Annals, it ruled between 1989 and 1558 BC.
According to ancient Chinese texts, before the Xia Dynasty was established, battles were frequent between the Xia tribe and Chi You's tribe.
The implied dualism between the Shang and Xia, Allan argues, is that while the Shang represent fire or the sun, birds and the east, the Xia represent the west and water.
Through the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts regarding Xia ; at a minimum, the Xia Dynasty marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang Dynasty.
From its inception under Taizu, the Song Dynasty alternated between warfare and diplomacy with the ethnic Khitans of the Liao Dynasty in the northeast and with the Tanguts of the Western Xia Dynasty in the northwest.
These legendary rulers ruled between c. 2850 BC to 2205 BC, before the Xia Dynasty.
A remarkably similar account involving a similar mistress and a similar wine pool is given in the case of Di Xin, and given with the same implied moral judgement: Di Xin was also the last reigning monarch of his dynasty, the Shang dynasty ( which reigned between the end of Xia and the start of the Zhou dynasty which succeeded it ).
It used to be the capital of the Xia Dynasty and was well known for its wealth between the Period of Warring States and Han Dynasty.
It has since been purchased by Taiwan and is now called Hai Xia Hao and is a passenger / vehicle ferry operated by Fujian Cross Strait Ferry between Taichung and Pingtan Island.
He forms a link between earlier painters such as Guo Xi, Fan Kuan and Li Cheng and later artists such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan.
He represented a vital link between the Northern Song school ( Guo Xi, Fan Kuan, Li Cheng, and others ), and the later Southern Song painters, such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan, both of whom studied Li's art.
Under Josetsu's influence, Shūbun started studying Chinese Song Dynasty painting by masters such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan ; consequently, Shūbun's style was an intermediate step between early Japanese artists who imitated Chinese models very closely, and later artists, who developed a national style.
Most Chinese archaeologists identify the Erlitou culture as the site of the Xia Dynasty, while most Western archaeologists remain unconvinced of the connection between the Erlitou culture and the Xia Dynasty since there are no extant written records linking Erlitou with the official history.
This treaty became the basis for relations between the Song and other Inner Asian states including Western Xia and the Jin Dynasty.

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