The Yuan dynasty in China, which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants, was overthrown, and the new Ming rulers were found to be inward oriented and unreceptive to foreign religious proselytism.

Aside from the religious matters, the Emperor wished to establish an alliance with the Karmapa similar to the one the Yuan ( 1277 – 1367 ) rulers had established with the Sakyapa.

The rule was also followed by non-Han Chinese rulers of Sixteen Kingdoms, Silla, Japan, Kingdom of Nanzhao, Liao Dynasty, Vietnam, Western Xia, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.

In 1304 ambassadors from Mongol rulers of Central Asia and the Yuan announced to Toqta their general peace proposal.

Rebel and overthrown the Yuan rulers.

There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Yuan rulers.

The higher, rather imperial title Khaqan (" Khan of Khans ") applies to probably the most famous rulers known as Khan: the Mongol imperial dynasty of Genghis Khan ( his name was Temüjin, Genghis Khan a never fully understood unique title ), and his successors, especially grandson Kublai Khan: the former founded the Mongol Empire and the latter founded the Yuan Dynasty in China.

The most likely reason is that the locals wished to avoid angering the new Yuan rulers.

There is a theory that Water Margin became popular during the Yuan era as the common people ( predominantly Han Chinese ) resented the Mongol rulers.

According to a widespread folk tale ( not necessarily supported by historical records ), the Mid-Autumn Festival commemorates an uprising in China against the Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ) in the 14th century.

It was originally called Shunyuan ( 順元 ), meaning obeying the Yuan ( the Mongol rulers ).

Mooncakes were used as a medium by the Ming revolutionaries in their espionage effort to secretly distribute letters to overthrow the Mongolian rulers of China in the Yuan dynasty.

The founder of the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan ( Emperor Gaozu ), traced his ancestry to the Western Liang rulers.

Starting with King Chungnyeol, prospective rulers of Korea married Mongolian princesses and were customarily sent to the Yuan Court, in effect, as hostages.

Last Idikut left Turpan area in 1284 for Kumul, then Gansu to seek protection of Yuan Dynasty, but local uyghur Buddhist rulers still held power until Invasion of Moghul Hizir Khoja in 1389.

After Temur Khan ordered to withdraw his army from Burma, Central and southern Burma soon came under the Tai rulers who paid nominal tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.

The rulers of the continuing Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 AD ) had a vested interest in the advancement of mechanical clockworks.

After Goryeo became a dependency of Yuan Dynasty, Yuan emperor Kublai Khan perceived this practice as lowering his own power and ordered that the Goryeo rulers could not receive such names henceforth.

Once the army arrived, however, Gongsun Yuan betrayed them, killing Sun Quan's officials Zhang Mi ( 張彌 ) and Xu Yan ( 許晏 ), whom Sun had sent to grant the bestowments and seized their troops.

He had three sons: Prince Yuan Keding, who was handicapped and deemed an " idiot " by his father ; Prince Yuan Kewen, who was said by his father to be a ' fake scholar ', and Prince Yuan Keliang, whom Yuan Shikai called a " bandit ".

Yuan Shao's attempt to reinforce Liu was repulsed by Yu Jin, whom Cao Cao had left in command of his troops at Yan Ford.

After her death, Wang Mang discovered that one of Empress Wang's ladies in waiting, Yuan Bi ( 原碧 ), with whom he had an affair, had also had an affair with Crown Prince Lin, and that she had conspired with Crown Prince Lin to kill Wang Mang, in light of Wang Lin's demotion.

Ramkhamhaeng formed an alliance with the Yuan Dynasty of Mongol Empire, from whom he imported the techniques for making ceramics now known as Sangkhalok ware.

He has worked with major Chinese directors such as Zhang Yimou, Zhang Yuan and, most notably, Wong Kar-wai, for whom he contributed, wholly or partially, to the cinematography of all his movies from Days of Being Wild through to 2046.

He attacked the Taipings, Yuan Shikai, Chiang Kai-shek, the Japanese, and the Communists in the preface of his genealogy, all of whom virtually destroyed China and destroyed ancient historic genealogies of various Chinese families.

Dou claimed that his actions had been justified by the actions of an anonymous Beijing News reporter, whom Dou accused of publishing what he believed to be falsified news about Dou and his second wife, Gao Yuan.

Zhang and others, including Yang Hong, are believed to have desired to go south and submit to Sun Ce, a former officer of Yuan Shu whom Zhang had been close friends with.

He represented a vital link between the Northern Song school ( Guo Xi, Fan Kuan, Li Cheng, and others ), and the later Southern Song painters, such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan, both of whom studied Li's art.

Subsequently, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei, whom Gao made emperor, had Yuan Yue executed.

Emperor Yuan was a relatively non-womanizing emperor, but he did have two favorite concubines in addition to Empress Wang -- Consort Fu ( 傅昭儀 ) and Consort Feng Yuan ( 馮昭儀 ), each of whom bore him one son.

Yuan Chwang refers to Ch ' ieh-shih whom the scholars identify with the Khashas and locate then in upper Kunar valley at Kashkar ( as the neighbors to the Kambojas ).

After her death, her two surviving sons also died the same year — Wang Lin committed suicide by the sword after his plot to kill his father ( because he was fearful that his father would discover that he carried on an affair with Empress Wang's lady-in-waiting Yuan Bi ( 原碧 ), whom Wang Mang also had an affair with ) was discovered, and Wang An died of natural causes.

* 1275 – Marco Polo purportedly visits Shangdu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.

* Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.

Marco Polo later reported their role in the Yuan Dynasty in his book Il Milione.

It has also been claimed that, in the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan enjoyed ice cream and kept it a royal secret until Marco Polo visited China and took the technique of making ice cream to Italy.

( Even though there were Europeans in Medieval China, notably Marco Polo, that period of contact had been interrupted by the fall of the Yuan Dynasty.

Marco Polo referred to the groat in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire.

Famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who visited China, then under the Yuan Dynasty, in the late 13th century, described the prominence of Jewish traders in Beijing.

The term " Bezant " was used by Venetians to refer to the Egyptian gold dinar and Marco Polo referred to the bezant in the account of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire.

The first European to describe a Chinese garden was the Venetian merchant and traveler Marco Polo, who visited the summer palace of the Mongol ruler of China and founder of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan, at Xanadu.

These journeys covered most of the known Old World, extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the west, to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China ( then the Mongol Yuan Empire ) in the east, a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors and his near-contemporary Marco Polo.

During Gaykhatu's reign, Ghazan's principal wife during his lifetime became Kökechin, who had been brought from the Yuan Dynasty from the east by Marco Polo.

Both Marco Polo and Rashid al-Din recorded that Yunnan was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan Dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the ' great city of Yachi '.

Marco Polo's account of paper money during the Yuan Dynasty is the subject of a chapter of his book, The Travels of Marco Polo, titled " How the Great Kaan Causeth the Bark of Trees, Made Into Something Like Paper, to Pass for Money All Over his Country.