In April 1989, Idriss Déby, one of Habré's leading generals and a Zaghawa, defected and fled to Darfur in Sudan, from which he mounted a Zaghawa-supported series of attacks on Habré ( a Gorane ).

Current Chadian president Idriss Déby, revolted and fled to the Sudan, taking with him many Zaghawa and Hadjerai soldiers in 1989.

Although a long-standing member of the Arab League, Sudan has around 30 % non-Arab populations in the west ( Darfur, Masalit, Zaghawa ), far north ( Nubian ) and south ( Kordofan, Nuba ).

The other side was made up of rebel groups, notably the Sudan Liberation Movement / Army and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups.

The Zaghawa ( also spelled Zakhawa ) are an ethnic group of eastern Chad and western Sudan, including Darfur.

However, in Sudan, the Zaghawa are caught up in the Darfur crisis, and have suffered much loss from the troubles there.

Ibrahim was from the Koba branch of the Zaghawa ethnic group, which is () located mainly in Sudan, with a minority on the Chad side of the border.

:" There are reasonable grounds to believe that ( Omar al-Bashir ) acted with specific intent to destroy in part the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups in the troubled Darfur region ".

It has been estimated that there are between 75, 000 and 350, 000 Zaghawa.

Zaghawa are first mentioned in Arabic language texts.

The current president, Idriss Déby and several former prime ministers of Chad are Zaghawa, as well as many other members of the government.

Thus the Chadian Zaghawa are among the richest and most influential people of Chad.

In Darfur, the Zaghawa are well-known for their piety.

The Zaghawa have been among the tribes in Darfur who have been referred to as " African " even as other tribes that have fought with them have been called " Arab ".

It was founded as the Darfur Liberation Front by members of three indigenous ethnic groups in Darfur, the Fur, the Zaghawa and the Masalit among whom were the leaders Abdul Wahid al Nur of the Fur and Minni Minnawi of the Zaghawa.

Today, Zaghawa refer to themselves as the Beri, while the name " Zaghawa " comes from the nearby Arab peoples and became better known.

Following the Darfur Peace Agreement, the office of senior Presidential advisor was allocated to Minni Minnawi, a Zaghawa of the Sudanese Liberation Army ( SLA ), and this thus became the fourth highest constitutional post.

Although Zaghawa power was broken by the rise of Kanem in the Lake Chad region, Zaghawa retained control over a considerable portion of the lands lying east of Kanem, and it is only in the late 14th century that Darfur is mentioned as an independent state by the Egyptian historian and geographer Maqrizi.

Following the rise of Darfur and Kanem, the Zaghawa appear to have controlled only desert areas and ceased to be a major regional power.

A Zaghawa tribesman named Daoud Hari wrote a memoir about Darfur called The Translator and a Zaghawa woman named Dr. Halima Bashir co-authored a memoir with Damien Lewis called ' Tears of the Desert ', which both spread knowledge about the atrocities in Darfur.

The Military of Chad was dominated by members of Toubou, Zaghawa, Kanembou, Hadjerai, and Massa ethnic groups during the presidency of Hissène Habré.

The Zaghawa were supposedly forced southwest towards the fertile lands around Lake Chad by political pressure and desiccation in their former range.

In contrast to neighboring Toubou or Zaghawa pastoralists, Kanuri groups have traditionally been sedentary, engaging in farming, fishing the Lake Chad basin, and engaged in trade and salt processing.

The Arab geographer al-Ya ' qubi, in a description written around 890 spoke of them as the “ Zaghawa who live in a place called Kanem ,” and proceeded to list a string of other kingdoms under Zaghawa rule which cannot be identified for sure, but make it clear that they had some sort of hegemony over most of the smaller complex societies that stretched from at least Lake Chad to the Christian Nile valley kingdoms of Nubia, Makuria and Alwa.

* Aljazeera English video on the Zaghawa people of Chad

Neither of these goals was achieved, and the military is still dominated by the Zaghawa.

When Hummay had assumed power on the basis of his strong Islamic following, for example, it is believed that the Duguwa / Zaghawa began some kind of internal opposition.

He is part of the Zaghawa ethnic group, the same group as President Idriss Déby.

They have their own language, which is also called Zaghawa, and the breed of sheep that they herd is called Zaghawa by the Arabs.

Ibn Sa ' id, however, writing in 1270 provides a new geography showing that Kanem at the very least had become independent, and research by German scholar Dierk Lange studying the Girgam or Diwan of Kanem, argue that the change in sovereignty is correlated with changes in the origins of the wives of the rulers, moving from northern clans, presumably associated with the Zaghawa to a single southern lineage.

However, rivalry between Hadjerai, Zaghawa and Gorane groups within the government grew in the late 1980s.

According to a more accepted theory, the empire of Kanem began forming around 700 AD under the nomadic Tebu-speaking Zaghawa.

Under the leadership of the Duguwa dynasty, the Zaghawa would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs.

Habré's government periodically engaged in ethnic cleansing against groups such as the Sara, Hadjerai and the Zaghawa, killing and arresting group members en masse when it perceived that their leaders were posing a threat to the regime.

Zaghawa ai ), ' I ', ni ( cf.

Living on the plateau north of the Fur were the seminomadic people calling themselves Beri and known to the Arabs as Zaghawa.

Herders of cattle, camels, sheep, and goats, the Zaghawa also gained a substantial part of their livelihood by gathering wild grains and other products.

Converted to Islam, the Zaghawa nevertheless retain much of their traditional religious orientation.

The Kanemite royal history, the Girgam, refers to the Zaghawa people as the Duguwa.

Both Sudan and Ackermann are credited with discovering total computable functions ( termed simply " recursive " in some references ) that are not primitive recursive.

A bongo drinks from a swamp. Angola, Benin extinct ?, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d ' Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya ( the only place where the eastern bongo are found in the wild ), Liberia, Mali, Niger, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo extinct?

They are in the care of the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan.

Two lines are planned to Sudan and Cameroon from the capital, with construction expected to start in 2012.

The roads west to Sudan and north to Chad are poorly maintained.

Hence, armed groups are regularly entering the country from Chad and Sudan.

Given that Bozizé accuses Sudan of supporting the UFDR rebels who are actively fighting the Central African Government, the relation between the two countries has remained good.

Of the 193 member states of the United Nations, only 17 are not party to the treaty: Andorra, Angola, Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ), Federated States of Micronesia, Haiti, Iraq, Kiribati, Lebanon, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan and Tuvalu.

The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt.

Some high-profile examples are the Pakistan / India conflict or the battles in the Sudan.

There are also significant numbers in the diaspora in countries such as the United States of America, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, and Sudan.

* 54 Dioceses with 37 Diocesan Bishops are in Egypt, 7 Diocesan Bishops are in Europe, 2 Diocesan Bishops are in North America, 2 Diocesan Bishops are in South America, 2 Diocesan Bishops are in Sudan and 2 Diocesan Bishops are in Australia, while 2 Diocese still remain vacant in Egypt

The varieties of Arabic are considerably different from each other-especially those spoken in North Africa ( Maghreb ) from those of the Middle East ( the Mashriq in the broad definition including Egypt and Sudan )-and had there been the political will in the different Arab countries to cut themselves off from each other, the case could have been made to declare these varieties as separate languages.

Egypt and Sudan have enjoyed intimate and longstanding historical ties, seeing as they are each other's closest allies in the North African region.

The two countries are connected by various cultural ties, and political aspirations. Sudan showed great solidarity with Egypt in its Camp David peace initiatives with Israel in the late 1970s.

They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the Tigray-Tigrinya people of Eritrea and Ethiopia and to the Beja people of Sudan.

After a high-level delegation to the Sudan from the Eritrean Ministry of Foreign Affairs ties are being normalized.

Petroleum requirements are met via imports of refined products, although some oil is being hauled overland from Sudan.

International systems are open wire to Sudan and Djibouti ; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti ; satellite earth stations-3 Intelsat ( 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean ).