Russian abacus began to lose popularity only after the mass production of microcalculators had started in the Soviet Union in 1974.

The Russian abacus was brought to France around 1820 by the mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who served in Napoleon's army and had been a prisoner of war in Russia.

He endorsed and promoted study of Arab / Greco-Roman arithmetic, mathematics, and astronomy, reintroducing to Europe the abacus and armillary sphere, which had been lost to Europe since the end of the Greco-Roman era.

The abacus that Gerbert reintroduced into Europe had its length divided into 27 parts with 9 number symbols ( this would exclude zero, which was represented by an empty column ) and 1, 000 characters in all, crafted out of animal horn by a shieldmaker of Rheims.

The number of beads, however, is similar to the Roman abacus, which had four beads below and one at the top.

It rises from the stylobate without any base ; it is from four to six times as tall as its diameter ; it has twenty broad flutes ; the capital consists simply of a banded necking swelling out into a smooth echinus, which carries a flat square abacus ; the Doric entablature is also the heaviest, being about one-fourth the height column.

The most recent form know of the logical abacus is a frame made often out of wood which holds firmly a set various rods or wires with freely sliding beads mounted on them ( Georges ).

As a part of soroban instruction, intermediate students are asked to do calculation mentally by visualizing the soroban ( or any other abacus ) and working out the problem without trying to figure out the answer beforehand.

It is often present on the necking of the capital of ionic order columns ; however in column capitals of the Corinthian order it takes the shape of a ' fleuron ' or flower resting against the abacus ( top-most slab ) of the capital and springing out from a pair of volutes which, in some versions, give rise to the elaborate volutes and acanthus ornament of the capital.

It is possible to carry out limited arithmetic in base 5 on numbers up to 30 ( decimal ) using your fingers as a rudimentary abacus.

The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere.

The use of the word abacus dates before 1387 AD, when a Middle English work borrowed the word from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus.

The preferred plural of abacus is a subject of disagreement, with both abacuses and abaci in use.

It is the belief of Old Babylonian scholars such as Carruccio that Old Babylonians " may have used the abacus for the operations of addition and subtraction ; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations ".

The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method.

During the Achaemenid Persian Empire, around 600 BC the Persians first began to use the abacus.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world.

First century sources, such as the Abhidharmakosa describe the knowledge and use of abacus in India.

Some sources mention the use of an abacus called a nepohualtzintzin in ancient Mayan culture.

As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.

The type of abacus shown here is often used to represent numbers without the use of place value.

They use an abacus to perform the mathematical functions multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cubic root.

The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC.

He wrote a treatise on the use of the abacus called Regulae Abaci, which was likely written very early in his career because it shows no trace of Arab influence.

Although it has also been translated as " The Book of the Abacus ", writes that this is an error: the intent of the book is to describe methods of doing calculations without aid of an abacus, and as confirms, for centuries after its publication the algorismists ( followers of the style of calculation demonstrated in Liber Abaci ) remained in conflict with the abacists ( traditionalists who continued to use the abacus in conjunction with Roman numerals ).

The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC.

The second is the Cranmer abacus which has circular beads, longer rods, and a leather backcover so the beads do not slide around when in use.

Many veteran and prolific abacus users in China, Japan, South Korea, and others who use the abacus daily, naturally tend to not use the abacus anymore but perform calculations by visualizing the abacus.

Due to Pope Sylvester II's reintroduction of the abacus with very useful modifications, it became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century

Due to Gerbert's reintroduction, the abacus became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century.

* 1003 – Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d ' Aurillac, dies ; however, his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century ; his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, a hydraulic-powered organ, the reintroduction of the abacus to Europe, and a possible treatise on the astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later.

Depending on how broadly one defines both wearable and computer, the first wearable computer could be as early as the first abacus on a string, or, later, a 16th century pocket watch.

Writing in the 1st century BC, Horace refers to the wax abacus, a board covered with a thin layer of black wax on which columns and figures were inscribed using a stylus.

One example of archaeological evidence of the Roman abacus, shown here in reconstruction, dates to the 1st century AD.

The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.

The shaft is crowned by an abacus with figures in niches, probably from the late 19th century, although the cross is now missing.

The first solid state electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the extensive history of tools such as the abacus, developed around 2000 BC ; and the mechanical calculator, developed in the 17th century.

A century later, in the temple on the Ilissus, the abacus has become square ( See the more complete discussion at Ionic order ).

The Chinese also invented a more sophisticated abacus from around the 2nd century BC known as the Chinese abacus ).

Its circular peripteral portico, capped with a smaller peripteral tower, in turn capped with an anomalous slender cone, giving the appearance of a 20th century three-stage space rocket suggesting he may have envisaged the structure as a futurist vehicle for transporting all souls to heaven, is of an enriched Ionic order that substitutes winged cherub's heads for the usual rosettes on the abacus, possibly symbolically representing divine offspring of the Olympian god, Hermes / Roman god, Mercury, as the means of propulsion ; the prominent portico is attached to the reticent main church by the width of a single intercolumniation.