The maximum energy that an electrons can have at absolute zero is called the Fermi energy.

Small could mean less than 3 dB below ( i. e., power output < 1 / 2 or voltage output < 0. 707 of ) the maximum value, or more rarely 10 dB below, or it could mean below a certain absolute value.

A strong indication of the reliability of Chandrasekhar's formula is that the absolute magnitudes of supernovae of Type Ia are all approximately the same ; at maximum luminosity, M < sub > V </ sub > is approximately-19. 3, with a standard deviation of no more than 0. 3 .< sup >, ( 1 )</ sup > A 1-sigma interval therefore represents a factor of less than 2 in luminosity.

The absolute maximum temperature is, recorded during July 2006.

The respective absolute maximum for St Angelo is

Its absolute maximum size occurs at the moment expansion has stopped, and when graphed, its tangent slope is zero.

For any given location, about half of these absolute maximum full moons will be potentially visible, as the other half occur during the day, when the full moon is below the horizon.

This is especially pronounced due to its location far from any sizeable landmass-Fair Isle has the smallest overall temperature range ( least continental ) of any Weather Station in the British Isles-an absolute maximum of and an absolute minimum of since 1951.

The maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine ( which no engine ever attains ) is equal to the temperature difference between the hot and cold ends divided by the temperature at the hot end, all expressed in absolute temperature or kelvins.

The absolute maximum flights per year for the entire fleet was limited by external tank manufacturing capacity to 24 per year.

* In the maximum metric, the distance between two points is the maximum of the absolute values of differences of their x-and y-coordinates.

Average highs and lows in summer ( January ) in Montevideo are, respectively, with an absolute maximum of ; comparable numbers for Artigas in the northwest are, with the highest temperature ever recorded ().

This is the maximum absolute value of the signal.

The maximum absolute value of g < sub > em </ sub >, corresponding to purely left-or right-handed circular polarization, is therefore 2.

The degree of isochronous distortion, in data transmission, is the ratio of the absolute value of the maximum measured difference between the actual and the theoretical intervals separating any two significant instants of modulation ( or demodulation ), to the unit interval.

# In asynchronous data transmission, the ratio of ( a ) the absolute value of the maximum measured difference between the actual and theoretical intervals separating any significant instant of modulation ( or demodulation ) from the significant instant of the start element immediately preceding it to ( b ) the unit interval.

The absolute range is thus the range at which an aircraft can fly with maximum possible fuel without carrying any payload.

An impedance mismatch can be also quantified with the standing wave ratio ( SWR or VSWR for voltage ), which is connected to the impedance ratio and reflection coefficient by:, where are the minimum and maximum values of the voltage absolute value, and the VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio, which value of 1 denotes full transmission, without reflection and thus no standing wave, while very large values mean high reflection and standing wave pattern.

Pick two maximum length sequences of the same length such that their absolute cross-correlation is less than or equal to, where is the size of the LFSR used to generate the maximum length sequence ( Gold ' 67 ).

Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum.

Absolute maximum temperature ever recorded was 42. 5 ° C, while absolute minimum ever recorded was 0 ° C.

The average annual temperature is 11. 5 ° C, with an absolute minimum in December of-14 ° C and maximum in August of 39 ° C.

Such an interferometer provides a means of absolute temperature measurement, and may be used as an alternative to the gas thermometer.

The zero point of any thermodynamic temperature scale, such as Kelvin or Rankine, is set at absolute zero.

For temperatures significantly below the Fermi temperature, the electrons behave in almost the same way as at absolute zero.

Velocity-distribution data of a gas of rubidium atoms at a temperature within a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

Absolute temperature measurement is uniquely determined by a multiplicative constant which specifies the size of the " degree ", so the ratios of two absolute temperatures, T < sub > 2 </ sub >/ T < sub > 1 </ sub >, are the same in all scales.

A system with a truly negative temperature is not colder than absolute zero.

One of the first to discuss the possibility of an absolute minimal temperature was Robert Boyle.

Some contended an absolute minimum temperature occurred within earth ( as one of the four so-called " elements "), others within water, others air, and some more recently within nitre.

After James Prescott Joule had determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, Lord Kelvin approached the question from an entirely different point of view, and in 1848 devised a scale of absolute temperature which was independent of the properties of any particular substance and was based solely on the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.

where T is an absolute temperature.

* Hertzsprung – Russell diagram – Relates absolute magnitude or luminosity versus spectral color or surface temperature.

where is the difference in density of particles separated by a height difference of, is Boltzmann's constant ( namely, the ratio of the universal gas constant,, to Avogadro's number, ), and is the absolute temperature.

However, as the temperature of a semiconductor rises above absolute zero, there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band.

On average, the gas molecules move from the cold side toward the hot side whenever the pressure ratio is less than the square root of the ( absolute ) temperature ratio.

Color temperature is conventionally stated in the unit of absolute temperature, the kelvin, having the unit symbol K.

Rather than the relative temperature scales of Celsius and Fahrenheit, cryogenicists use the absolute temperature scales.

Provided that the temperature is measured in the thermodynamic absolute scale, the relation is expressed in the formula

where is the molar mass, is the pressure, is the universal gas constant, and is the absolute temperature.

This means that the density of an ideal gas can be doubled by doubling the pressure, or by halving the absolute temperature.

San Salvador is representative of the central plateau, with an annual average temperature of and absolute high and low readings of, respectively.

The absolute minimum temperature is, recorded during January 1984.

Here ΔG is change in Gibbs free energy, T is absolute temperature, R is the gas constant and Q is reaction quotient.