At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below zero (- 18 ° C ), as was the case in the remarkable cold wave of the 12th-13 February 1899, when an absolute minimum of-17 ° F (- 29 ° C ) was registered at Valley Head.

Some contended an absolute minimum temperature occurred within earth ( as one of the four so-called " elements "), others within water, others air, and some more recently within nitre.

A succinct data structure is one which takes the absolute minimum possible space, as established by information theoretical lower bounds.

The absolute minimum temperature is, recorded during January 1984.

The absolute minimum at St Angelo is, reported during the record cold month of December 2010.

This is especially pronounced due to its location far from any sizeable landmass-Fair Isle has the smallest overall temperature range ( least continental ) of any Weather Station in the British Isles-an absolute maximum of and an absolute minimum of since 1951.

Worldwide population estimates are uncertain, but recent consensus suggests an absolute minimum of 50, 000.

She found that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased the absolute teenage employment by 0. 6 %, with no effect on the teen or young adult unemployment rates.

If the constituency is in a jurisdiction using PR-STV in its MMDs, an absolute majority of 50 % plus 1 will likely be the minimum required for victory ( depending on which quota is used ) so that the election in the SMD is by the alternative vote.

* Third law of thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.

An impedance mismatch can be also quantified with the standing wave ratio ( SWR or VSWR for voltage ), which is connected to the impedance ratio and reflection coefficient by:, where are the minimum and maximum values of the voltage absolute value, and the VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio, which value of 1 denotes full transmission, without reflection and thus no standing wave, while very large values mean high reflection and standing wave pattern.

Another development was in cryogenics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( 1913 Nobel prize winner in physics ) liquefied helium for the first time ( 1908 ) and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the absolute minimum.

In the 21st century, the Sélignac Charterhouse was converted into a house in which lay people could come and experience Carthusian retreats, living the Carthusian life for shorter periods ( an eight day retreat being fixed as the absolute minimum, in order to enter at least somewhat into the silent rhythm of the charterhouse ).

Most dairy farmers milk their cows with absolute regularity at a minimum of twice a day, with some high-producing herds milking up to four times a day to lessen the weight of large volumes of milk in the udder of the cow.

Absolute maximum temperature ever recorded was 42. 5 ° C, while absolute minimum ever recorded was 0 ° C.

However doctrine holds that the State has an absolute duty to provide a minimum of legal aid.

The average annual temperature is 11. 5 ° C, with an absolute minimum in December of-14 ° C and maximum in August of 39 ° C.

Sources have estimated that 165, 000 South Vietnamese died in the re-education camps out of 1-2. 5 million sent, while the number executed could have been as high as 200, 000 ( Jacqueline Desbarats estimates an absolute minimum of 100, 000 executions ).

The uncertainty principle requires every physical system to have a zero-point energy greater than the minimum of its classical potential well, even at absolute zero.

The absolute maximum temperature was measured in July + 41. 4C and absolute minimum was measured on 10 February 1929.

If more than one stable equilibrium state is possible for a system, any equilibria whose potential energy is higher than the absolute minimum represent metastable states.

Daguerreotypes other than portraits, such as landscape or architectural views, are very rare and may safely be valued from an absolute minimum of US $ 500 steeply upward unless severely damaged or exceptionally uninteresting.

Tong was not asked to rejoin, so as to keep the internal issues that split the band up a decade ago to an absolute minimum.

Such an interferometer provides a means of absolute temperature measurement, and may be used as an alternative to the gas thermometer.

The zero point of any thermodynamic temperature scale, such as Kelvin or Rankine, is set at absolute zero.

For temperatures significantly below the Fermi temperature, the electrons behave in almost the same way as at absolute zero.

Velocity-distribution data of a gas of rubidium atoms at a temperature within a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

Absolute temperature measurement is uniquely determined by a multiplicative constant which specifies the size of the " degree ", so the ratios of two absolute temperatures, T < sub > 2 </ sub >/ T < sub > 1 </ sub >, are the same in all scales.

A system with a truly negative temperature is not colder than absolute zero.

One of the first to discuss the possibility of an absolute minimal temperature was Robert Boyle.

After James Prescott Joule had determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, Lord Kelvin approached the question from an entirely different point of view, and in 1848 devised a scale of absolute temperature which was independent of the properties of any particular substance and was based solely on the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.

where T is an absolute temperature.

* Hertzsprung – Russell diagram – Relates absolute magnitude or luminosity versus spectral color or surface temperature.

where is the difference in density of particles separated by a height difference of, is Boltzmann's constant ( namely, the ratio of the universal gas constant,, to Avogadro's number, ), and is the absolute temperature.

However, as the temperature of a semiconductor rises above absolute zero, there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band.

On average, the gas molecules move from the cold side toward the hot side whenever the pressure ratio is less than the square root of the ( absolute ) temperature ratio.

Color temperature is conventionally stated in the unit of absolute temperature, the kelvin, having the unit symbol K.

Rather than the relative temperature scales of Celsius and Fahrenheit, cryogenicists use the absolute temperature scales.

Provided that the temperature is measured in the thermodynamic absolute scale, the relation is expressed in the formula

where is the molar mass, is the pressure, is the universal gas constant, and is the absolute temperature.

This means that the density of an ideal gas can be doubled by doubling the pressure, or by halving the absolute temperature.

San Salvador is representative of the central plateau, with an annual average temperature of and absolute high and low readings of, respectively.

The absolute maximum temperature is, recorded during July 2006.

Here ΔG is change in Gibbs free energy, T is absolute temperature, R is the gas constant and Q is reaction quotient.