However, since the Earth reflects about 30 % of the incoming sunlight, the planet's effective temperature ( the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation ) is about − 18 ° C, about 33 ° C below the actual surface temperature of about 14 ° C.

The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

Since the actual physical surface of the Earth is too complex for mathematical analysis two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of these coordinates.

The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface, the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface.

Inside that synagogue's ruins was discovered a rectangular stone, which had on its surface, among other ornate carvings, a depiction of the seven-branched menorah differing markedly from the depiction on the Arch of Titus, probably carved by an eyewitness to the actual menorah present at the time in the Temple at Jerusalem.

Most researchers of the subject at the time used the perceived light of a dim phosphorescent surface as " detectors ", although work in the period clearly showed the change in brightness to be a physiological phenomenon rather than some actual change in the level of illumination.

Ordered phonological rules govern how underlying representation is transformed into the actual pronunciation ( the so-called surface form ).

Aside from modifying the actual sample surface, one can also use the STM to tunnel electrons into a layer of electron beam photoresist on a sample, in order to do lithography.

Between the infield ( sometimes referred to as an apron ) and the actual track is the blue band ( called " côte d ' azur ") which is typically 10 % of the surface.

However, on one test, flight threads were attached to the surface of the wings, performing a wind tunnel type of test during an actual flight in order to refine the computational model.

Some signals are produced from the actual cell surface in this case but other signals seem to emanate from within the endosomes.

The actual amount of dew in a specific place is strongly dependent on surface properties.

The details of the signalling being used vary from species to species ; for example, the two smallest species, Apis andreniformis and Apis florea, dance on the upper surface of the comb, which is horizontal ( not vertical, as in other species ), and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting.

Sheet lightning is an informal name for cloud-to-cloud lightning that exhibits a diffuse brightening of the surface of a cloud, caused by the actual discharge path being hidden or too far away.

For example, in the case of surface models produces using the LIDAR technology, one can have several surfaces-starting from the top of the canopy to the actual solid earth.

As controllers observed helplessly, Luna 7 plummeted to the lunar surface at a very high speed, crashing at 22: 08: 24 UT on October 7, 1965, west of the Kepler crater, relatively near the actual intended target.

The top of a local hill was removed and the soil was used to fill in the actual Chavez Ravine, to provide a level surface for a parking lot and the stadium.

Thus, the attempt to maintain a given surface temperature in an environment of faster heat loss results in both the perception of lower temperatures and an actual greater heat loss increasing the risk of adverse effects such as frostbite, hypothermia, and death.

( Holes, or hydraulics, are so-called because their foamy, aerated water provides less buoyancy and can feel like an actual hole in the river surface.

According to Gauss, who first described it, it is the " mathematical figure of the Earth ", a smooth but highly irregular surface that corresponds not to the actual surface of the Earth's crust, but to a surface which can only be known through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations.

He identified the active intellect ( nous poietikos ), through whose agency the potential intellect in man becomes actual, with God.

At the point where they are united into a single being, man, the being, becomes actual, or real.

Replacing statements including " to be " with those using becomes, remains and equals divides perception of, and expressions about, time more operationally into actual cognitive categories that humans know how to act upon:

For liquids, whether the incompressible assumption is valid depends on the fluid properties ( specifically the critical pressure and temperature of the fluid ) and the flow conditions ( how close to the critical pressure the actual flow pressure becomes ).

This is the way in which God ’ s synthesis becomes a sense-datum for other actual entities.

The actual city of Rio de Janeiro becomes the State of Guanabara.

* Stilicho, Roman general ( magister militum ), controls the young emperor Honorius as his regent and becomes the actual ruler of the Western Roman Empire.

Louis XVIII becomes titular king of France ( he becomes the actual king on April 6, 1814 ).

In threaded code and these other techniques, the program becomes a list of entry points to the actual code to be executed.

By using someone else's computer to launch an attack, it becomes far more difficult to track down the actual attacker.

In London Below the various familiar names of London all take on a new significance: for example Knightsbridge becomes " Night's Bridge ", a stone bridge whose darkness takes its toll in human life ; The Angel, Islington is an actual angel.

The way in which Tenar becomes the Priestess of the Tomb-on the death of the previous Priestess, a child is located who is considered to be her reincarnation-is similar to the actual manner in which a Dalai Lama is chosen in Tibetan Buddhism.

Members of fandom often create a kind of fan-made canon ( fanon ) to patch up such errors ; " fanon " that becomes generally accepted sometimes becomes actual canon.

The actual Old Bedford River swaps identities in the Welches Dam area and becomes the River Delph.

Further, by means of such motion these actual occurrences, which are in themselves timeless, fall for an observer in a definite time — a time which becomes continuous through the partial coincidence of events.

The actual nest is a litter of straw and feathers in a chamber at the end of the burrow ; it soon becomes a hotbed of parasites.

Another parallel between the book's characters / themes and Hardy's actual life experience occurs when Sue becomes obsessed with religion after previously having been indifferent and even hostile towards it.

The more time is passed the more actual for the world it becomes.

This is seen as the culmination of the three states, or stages, of perfection through which the soul passes: the purgative way ( that of cleansing or purification ), the illuminative way ( so called because in it the mind becomes more and more enlightened as to spiritual things and the practice of virtue ), and the unitive way ( that of union with God by love and the actual experience and exercise of that love ).

For example, once the spell is cast, Xander Harris becomes a soldier, Buffy Summers becomes an 18th century noblewoman, and Willow Rosenberg becomes an actual ghost.

Middletown bases its claim on the general provision of the law that `` all rateable property, both tangible and intangible, shall be taxed to the owner thereof in the town in which such owner shall have had his actual place of abode for the larger portion of the twelve ( 12 ) months next preceding the first day of April in each year ''.

Its ground for this recommendation was that, while petitioner claimed before the local board August 17, 1956 ( as evidenced by its memorandum in his file of that date ), that he was devoting 100 hours per month to actual preaching, the headquarters of the Jehovah's Witnesses reported that he was no longer doing so and, on the contrary, had relinquished both his Pioneer and Bible Student Servant positions.

second, that both actual and pending desegregation is, with few exceptions, the product or result of court order.

However, actual rainfall from year to year is irregular and occasionally may be less than, leading to severe reductions in crop yields for both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture.

With the ruse thus revealed, the main characters run for their lives, resulting in a madcap chase across the stage with both Miles and Senex pursuing all three " Philia " s ( Domina, Hysterium, and the actual Philia — all wearing identical white robes and veils ).

The letter was used in each occurrence of such a root, regardless of the actual pronunciation of the vowel: thus, both mlyako and mlekar were spelled with ().

However, during the Battle of Megiddo, the first reliably documented battle in the fifteenth century BC, actual discipline was instilled in both armies.

However, both of the first two markets pay into and receive benefits from the financial market, which handles and regulates the actual money in the economic system.

In both cases, the titular head of state-monarch or president-serves the traditional role of embodying and representing the nation, while the actual governing is carried out by a cabinet composed predominantly of elected Members of Parliament.

To illustrate the difference: The sound and the change in the air's drift velocity ( the force of the wind gust ) cross distance at rates equaling the speeds of sound and of mechanical transmission of force ( not higher than rate of drift velocity ); while a change in an EM field and the change in current ( electrons ' drift velocity ) both propagate across distance at rates much higher than the actual drift velocity.

His actual depredations on the high seas, whether piratical or not, were both less destructive and less lucrative than those of many other contemporary pirates and privateers.

However, in both styles, tension and compression do not signal immediate movement: the follow must be careful not to move prior to actual movement by the lead.

Additionally, both of these cycles are only idealizations, and the actual behavior does not divide as clearly or sharply.

Documentary filmmaking, and other attempts at actual documentation, can wittingly and unwittingly participate in the form as its goals of authenticity are so closely aligned with direct false documentation ( that is, in both cases, there is an element of authenticity and an element of narrative fudging ).

More recent Quaker commentators have noted points of contact between the denominations: both claim the actual presence of God in their meetings, and both allow the collective opinion of the church to augment Biblical teaching.

Caligula had both Julian and Claudian ancestry, making him the first actual " Julio-Claudian " emperor.

Humans recognise that they possess both actual and potential selves.

For both Marx and Hegel, self-development begins with an experience of internal alienation stemming from this recognition, followed by a realisation that the actual self, as a subjective agent, renders its potential counterpart an object to be apprehended.

The ideas preceding truth tables have been found in both Frege and Bertrand Russell whereas the actual ' tabular structure ' ( i. e. being formed as a table ) is generally credited to either Ludwig Wittgenstein, Emil Post or both ( independently of one another ).

Most meteorite falls are recovered on the basis of eye-witness accounts of the fireball or the actual impact of the object on the ground, or both.

He has no special superpowers, but he exhibits extraordinary skills in the martial arts and is a master of Wushu ( the actual Mandarin name for the various Chinese fighting arts ) both empty handed and with weapons, including the staff, nunchaku and double-edged sword.

Wilkinson suggests that the first cards may have been actual paper currency which were both the tools of gaming and the stakes being played for, as in trading card games.