Help


[permalink] [id link]
+
Page "Margarine" ¶ 6
from Wikipedia
Edit
Promote Demote Fragment Fix

Some Related Sentences

addition and hydrogen
In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Upon the addition of a small amount of manganese dioxide, the hydrogen peroxide reacts rapidly.
Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide
For example, in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide, an electrophile ( proton ) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation, which then reacts with the nucleophile ( bromine ).
This rule states that " In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative ( nucleophilic ) atom ( or part ) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms.
In addition to this pure hydrogen type, there are hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells, including diesel, methanol ( see: direct-methanol fuel cells and indirect methanol fuel cells ) and chemical hydrides.
In addition, for the hydrogen atom, states of the same n but different ℓ are also degenerate ( i. e. they have the same energy ).
Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
In addition, very high energy neutrons can cause ionizing radiation by " neutron spallation " or knockout, wherein neutrons cause emission of high-energy protons from atomic nuclei ( especially hydrogen nuclei ) on impact.
In addition, trypsin contains an " oxyanion hole " formed by the backbone amide hydrogen atoms of Gly-193 and Ser-195, which serves to stabilize the developing negative charge on the carbonyl oxygen atom of the cleaved amides.
Why hydrogen bromide exhibited both Markovnikov as well as reversed-order, or anti-Markovnikov, addition, however, was not understood until Morris S. Kharasch offered an explanation in 1933.
Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalogens of ytterbium can be reduced by hydrogen or by the addition of the metal to reduce to the dihalogens.
In addition, microwaves can be used to heat a suitable heat exchanger, which in turn heats a propellant ( very typically hydrogen ).
In addition to intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, keratins have large amounts of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, required for the disulfide bridges that confer additional strength and rigidity by permanent, thermally-stable crosslinking — a role sulfur bridges also play in vulcanized rubber.
In addition to his joint recognition for the discovery of oxygen, Scheele is argued to have been the first to discover other chemical elements such as barium ( 1774 ), manganese ( 1774 ), molybdenum ( 1778 ), and tungsten ( 1781 ), as well as several chemical compounds, including citric acid, lactic acid, glycerol, hydrogen cyanide ( also known, in aqueous solution, as prussic acid ), hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen sulfide.
The other principal route to thiols involves the addition of hydrogen sulfide to alkenes.
Reduction is made with the addition of hydrogen atoms to specific nitrogen atoms on the isoalloxazine ring system:
where Fl < sub > ox </ sub > is the oxidized flavin, Fl < sub > red </ sub > H < sub > 2 </ sub > the reduced flavin ( upon addition of two hydrogen atoms ) and FlH < sup >•</ sup > the semiquinone form ( addition of one hydrogen atom ).
In addition to proton pumps in the mitochondria, humans ( and likely other mammals too ) have a gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H < sup >+</ sup >/ K < sup >+</ sup > ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach, which is responsible primarily for the acidification of the stomach contents ( see gastric acid ).
Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

addition and unsaturated
Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction -- where molecules join together -- losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol, as opposed to addition polymers which involve the reaction of unsaturated monomers.
Nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to the double bond of an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound can proceed via the Michael reaction, which belongs to the larger class of conjugate additions.
However, it was always puzzling that this purportedly highly unsaturated molecule was so unreactive toward addition reactions.
Most of the common addition polymers are formed from unsaturated monomers ( usually having a double bond ).
The driving force for the addition to alkenes is the formation of a nucleophile X < sup >−</ sup > that forms a covalent bond with an electron-poor unsaturated system-C = C-( step 1 ).
Except for aromatic compounds, unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reactions to their multiple bonds.
# In organometallic chemistry, an unsaturated complex has fewer than 18 valence electrons and thus is susceptible to oxidative addition or coordination of an additional ligand.
In hydrocyanation of unsaturated carbonyls addition over the alkene competes with addition over the carbonyl group.
Their work, first published in 1937, was intended as a preliminary progress report of thermochemical studies of energy changes during addition reactions of various unsaturated and cyclic compounds.

addition and bonds
The addition of nonpolar E-H bonds across CC is general for silanes, boranes, and related hydrides.
In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms ( such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc .).
The addition and its counterpart, the elimination, are reactions which change the number of substituents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds.
The counterpart of elimination is the addition where double or triple bonds are converted into single bonds.
While the addition to the electron-rich alkenes and alkynes is mainly electrophilic, the nucleophilic addition plays an important role for the carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds, and especially its most important representative, the carbonyl group.
Hydrolysis usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water.
There may also be energy changes associated with breaking of existing bonds or the addition of more than one electron to form anions.
In addition to the standard powers of an incorporated city, which include the issuance of tax-free bonds, the district would have immunity from any current or future county or state land-use laws.
In addition, the maximum rate of interest on the bonds was 6 percent, ensuring that borrowing costs for farmers was often much lower than before the Act was passed.
By investing in the purchase and sale of some bonds " forward ," in addition to buying spot, an insurance company can smooth out changes in its portfolio and anticipated income.
In addition, reelin itself can cut the peptide bonds holding other proteins together, being a serine protease, and this may affect the cellular adhesion and migration processes.
In addition, a specific H-N ...( O )- P NMR experiment ( INEPT transfer by scalar coupling 3JH-P ~ 5 Hz ) could provide a direct information about formation of hydrogen bonds between amid protons of protein to phosphate of lipid headgroups, which is useful in studies of protein / membrane interactions.
In addition to the 50 states and their local governments ( including cities, counties, villages and school districts ), the District of Columbia and U. S. territories and possessions ( American Samoa, the commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U. S. virgin Islands ) can and do issue municipal bonds.
In addition, there are several other types of municipal bonds with different promises of security.
In addition, professional investors and fund managers seem to hold more bonds than one would expect given return differentials.
These historical and cultural bonds to Trøndelag and Härjedalen have expressed themselves in the name Øst-Trøndelag, in addition to the fact that the Jamts historically never considered themselves to be Norrlanders.
In addition to these private equity strategies, hedge funds employ a variety of distressed investment strategies including the active trading of loans and bonds issued by distressed companies.
In addition, it activates Factors VIII and V and their inhibitor protein C ( in the presence of thrombomodulin ), and it activates Factor XIII, which forms covalent bonds that crosslink the fibrin polymers that form from activated monomers.
Aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, but not electrophilic addition reactions as happens with carbon-carbon double bonds.

0.347 seconds.