Current practical, comfortable domestic water-heating systems combine a solar preheating system with a thermostatic gas-powered flow-through heater, so that the temperature of the water is consistent, and the amount is unlimited.

So the amount of solar radiation that it receive is much lower than it would if it had without the Island's relief which intercepts much of the sun.

Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

The first power plants were run on water power or coal, and today we rely mainly on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, and petroleum with a small amount from solar energy, tidal harnesses, wind generators, and geothermal sources.

In spite of their violence, the amount of material ejected in novae is usually only about of a solar mass, quite small relative to the mass of the white dwarf.

As a consequence, an accurate measurement of the earth ’ s axial reorientation relative to objects outside the frame of the moving galaxy ( such as distant quasars commonly used as precession measurement reference points ) must account for a minor amount of non-local torque-free precession, due to the solar system ’ s motion.

Also, an increase in the solar wind or the Earth's magnetic field above the current value would depress the amount of carbon-14 created in the atmosphere.

Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast: the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view, not by the brightest object in the field.

The solar constant, a measure of flux density, is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) ( roughly the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth ).

A rough table comparing the amount of solar radiation received by each planet in the Solar System follows ( from data in ):

* TT runs a little ahead of UT1 ( a refined measure of mean solar time at Greenwich ) by an amount known as deltaT = TT-UT1.

Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate and global climate change.

Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate.

The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about of that received by Earth, yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth.

In regions experiencing winter, the same amount of solar radiation is spread out over a larger area.

Therefore, a magnetic sail must deflect a proportionally larger area of the solar wind than a comparable solar sail to generate the same amount of thrust.

Hertzsprung – Russell diagram identifying stellar luminosity as a function of temperature for many stars in our solar neighborhood. In astronomy, luminosity is the amount of electromagnetic energy a body radiates per unit of time.

Clouds increase the global reflection of solar radiation from 15 % to 30 %, reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth by about 44 W / m².

The amount of solar wind is not constant due to changes in solar activity.

Look at the trees as to size and interest, the amount of shade they provide, how healthy they are, the problems of maintenance, fire hazards, wind throw, etcetera.

Climatic factors include the amount and intensity of precipitation, the average temperature, as well as the typical temperature range, seasonality, wind speed, and storm frequency.

Urbanization has major effects on erosion processes — first by denuding the land of vegetative cover, altering drainage patterns, and compacting the soil during construction ; and next by covering the land in an impermeable layer of asphalt or concrete that increases the amount of surface runoff and increases surface wind speeds.

Bill Rose and Craig Chesner of Michigan Technological University have deduced that the total amount of erupted material was about — around of ignimbrite that flowed over the ground, and around that fell as ash, with the wind blowing most of it to the west.

Sailing close-hauled under a large amount of sail, and heeling a great deal, can induce weather helm, or a tendency for the boat to turn into the wind.

An important safety aspect of sailing is to adjust the amount of sail to suit the wind conditions.

As the wind speed increases the crew should progressively reduce the amount of sail.

Robertson has said, " I just think it's shocking how many of these young people wind up in prison and they get turned into hard-core criminals because they had a possession of a very small amount of controlled substance.

This kind of rig requires an enormous amount of rigging ( at least nine ropes per sail ) and cannot sail closer than about 60 ° to the wind.

At the site of the turbines, a solar-powered kiosk provides information for visitors, including current information on wind speeds and the amount of energy being produced by the turbines.

The increase in the solar wind pressure initially compresses the magnetosphere and the solar wind's magnetic field will interact with the Earth ’ s magnetic field and transfer an increased amount of energy into the magnetosphere.

Furthermore, the amount of smoke produced by black powder weapons was considerable, making it hard to see the enemy after a few salvos, unless there was enough wind to disperse the smoke quickly.

Part I: A Temperature-Humidity Index Based on Human Physiology and Clothing Science, R. G. Steadman, Journal of Applied Meteorology, July 1979, Vol 18 No7, pp861-873 Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed.

The adjustment varies the degree to which the wind affects the boat-that is, the amount of lateral movement the wind can cause by impacting the upper parts of the boat and the crew.

Most procellariids aid their flight by means of flap-glides, where bursts of flapping are followed by a period of gliding ; the amount of flapping dependent on the strength of the wind and the choppiness of the water.

The game has a wide variety of customization options from gravity and wind to money and meteorite showers, and a similarly large pool of different payloads, allowing for a large amount of entirely different situations.

As a tail wind, head wind or cross wind, may affect the amount of power needed to move the boat at hull speed throughout a race, a caller should also be aware of the relative position of the dragon boat to other boats, and to the finish line, in order to correctly issue commands to the crew as to when to best surge ahead, when to hold steady and when to peak for the finish.

In the context of chronic low plasma sodium, the brain's cells ( neurons and glia ) adapt by taking in a small amount of water ; the net effect is to move water out of the interstitium and equilibrate ( or nearly so ) the intracellular and extracellular tonicities.

The heat generated depends on the resistance of the plasma and the amount of electric current running through it.

The increased amount of fat in this region relates to the higher levels of plasma lipid and lipoproteins as per studies mentioned by Dr. Eric D. Poehlman ( 1998 ) review.

The result is a hot plasma, and a very small " explosion " compared to the minimum size bomb that would be required to instead create the necessary amount of fission.

Hyperglycemia or Hyperglycæmia, or high blood sugar, is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.

Monitors running screensavers consume the same amount of power as when running normally, which can be anywhere from a few watts for small LCD monitors to several hundred for large plasma displays.

The " buffy coat " is isolated in a sterile bag, suspended in a small amount of red blood cells and plasma, then centrifuged again to separate the platelets and plasma from the red and white blood cells.

The arc, a channel of hot ionized plasma, is highly conductive and can persist even after significant amount of original material of the conductors was evaporated.

Although ITER is expected to produce ( in the form of heat ) 10 times more energy than the amount consumed to heat up the plasma to fusion temperatures, the generated heat will not be used to generate any electricity.

Fox's Vehicle is called the Arwing II, it boasts a Decent amount of health and boost, and can either receive plasma blasters or twin lasers depending on the storyline.

However, when the assay is performed with the patient's own platelets (" platelet-rich plasma "), a lower-than-normal amount of ristocetin causes aggregation to occur.

; Medication pumps: These devices are programmed to pump a certain amount of plasma, blood, saline solution, or other medication into a patient at a certain rate.

The methodology of an anti-factor Xa assay is that patient plasma is added to a known amount of excess factor Xa and excess antithrombin.

The amount of residual factor Xa is inversely proportional to the amount of heparin / LMWH in the plasma.

Saline replacement-Replace plasma with same amount of Saline to exclude interference e. g. Lipemia and Auto-immune antibodies-if the MCHC corrects, report corrected results and comment on Lipemia

* BattleTech has recently introduced two BattleMech-scale plasma weapons, the Clan Plasma Cannon, which only bathes the target in flaming gases, thus causing no damage in favor of massive waste heat to BattleMechs, though heavy damage to vehicles and infantry, and the Inner Sphere Plasma Rifle, which causes sizeable amount of damage in exchange for reduced waste heat.

The microparticle consists of a plasma membrane surrounding a small amount of cytosol.

The amount of antagonist or main drug that binds with the receptor will depend on the concentrations of each one in the plasma.

As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way.

When done with a narrow laser beam, a small amount of solid explodes into a plasma of ionized atomic particles.

After incubation of plasma with a buffered solution of adenosine the ammonia is reacted with a Berthelot reagent to form a blue colour which is proportionate to the amount of enzyme activity.

In normal subjects, the amount of thymidine kinase in serum or plasma is therefore very low.