The term allocutio was used by the ancient Romans for the speech made by a commander to his troops, either before a battle or during it, to animate and encourage them.

The ancient Romans often used mercury-tin amalgams for gilding their armor.

Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as Edward Gibbon or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica:

The ancient Greeks and Romans wore amethyst and made drinking vessels of it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication.

* or Areian: the designation of an inhabitant of Aria ( a region in the eastern part of the Persian empire ; today's Herat ), used by the ancient and medieval Greeks ( as Ἄρ ( ε ) ιοι / Ar ( e ) ioi ) and Romans ( as Arii ).

The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans.

The Batavi were an ancient Germanic tribe, originally part of the Chatti, that lived around the Rhine delta, in the area that the Romans called Batavia and that is currently the Netherlands, from the second half of the first century BC to the third century AD.

They retained the honour of the ancient association with the Romans, not required to pay tribute or taxes and used by the Romans only for war: " They furnished to the Empire nothing but men and arms ", Tacitus remarked.

The inhabitants were also known, by the ancient Romans, with the pejorative term latrones mastrucati, which means " thieves with a rough garment in wool ".

Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement of the scroll, the dominant form of book in the ancient world, has been termed the most important advance in the history of the book prior to the invention of printing.

Romans did not mark same-sex relations as " homosexual " if an adult male used a slave or prostitute, characteristically a youth, as his passive partner ( see Homosexuality in ancient Rome ); these relations, however, were expected to play a secondary role to marriage, within which institution an adult male demonstrated his masculine authority as head of household ( paterfamilias ).

The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps, beginning at latest with Anaximander in the 6th century BC.

The cap was originally worn by ancient Romans and Greeks.

The ancient Roman gardens are known by their statues and sculptures, never missing from the lives of Romans.

The ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt.

It was not only the Greeks and Romans that produced graffiti: the Mayan site of Tikal in Guatemala also contains ancient examples.

The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that books on magic were invented by the Persians, with the 1st century CE writer Pliny the Elder stating that magic had been first discovered by the ancient philosopher Zoroaster around the year 6347 BC, but that it was only written down in the 5th century BC by the magician Osthanes — his claims are not however supported by modern historians.

Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production.

There is no amount of money or land that will satisfy greed, but ancient Romans veterans of the Punic wars or of the war against Pyrrhus were content with only two iugera ( acres ) of land in return for all their wounds.

The corresponding noun is amor ( the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the City, Rome — in Latin: Roma — can be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times ), which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures.

Latin was the language of the ancient Romans, but it was also the lingua franca of Europe throughout the middle ages, so Latin literature includes not only Roman authors like Cicero, Vergil, Ovid and Lucretius, but also includes European writers after the fall of the Empire from religious writers like St. Augustine ( 354 – 430 AD ), to secular writers like Francis Bacon ( 1561-1626 ) and Spinoza ( 1632 – 1677 ).

The Latin name was first used in the 16th century ( the ancient form is unknown, although it is possible that the Romans referred to the armour as " lorica laminata ").

The Etruscan alphabet was in turn adopted and further modified by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

Although amaranth was cultivated on a large scale in ancient Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru, nowadays it is only cultivated on a small scale there, along with India, China, Nepal, and other tropical countries ; thus, there is potential for further cultivation in those countries, as well as in the U. S. In a 1977 article in Science, amaranth was described as " the crop of the future.

Chapter 28 of the 1535 Act of Henry VIII, which provided that Monmouth, as county town, should return one burgess to Parliament, further stated that other ancient Monmouthshire boroughs were to contribute towards the payment of the member.

The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient Kingdom of Iberia farther east in the Mediterranean and further by some typological similarities between the two languages.

During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several further gifts, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts and David Garrick's library of 1, 000 printed plays, but yet contained few ancient relics recognisable to visitors of the modern museum.

The ancient theatre at Delphi was built further up the hill from the Temple of Apollo giving spectators a view of the entire sanctuary and the valley below.

The ancient Amber Road led further southwest and southeast to the Black Sea and eventually to Asia.

However, some have taken the feudalism analogy further, seeing it in places as diverse as ancient Egypt, the Parthian empire, the Indian subcontinent, and the antebellum American South.

He further suggests the inward bend of the soundboard ( the " belly scoop ") is a deliberate adaptation by ancient builders to afford the lutenist's right hand more space between the strings and soundboard.

The presence of people in Mesoamerica was once thought to date back 40, 000 years, an estimate based on what were believed to be ancient footprints discovered in the Valley of Mexico ; but after further investigation using radiocarbon dating, it appears this date may not be accurate.

" As a result of the large-scale activities surrounding the Harmonic Convergence in 1987, the American mass-media further popularised the term as a label for the alternative spiritual subculture, including practices such as meditation, channeling, crystal healing, astral projection, psychic experience, holistic health, simple living, and environmentalism ; or belief in phenomena such as Earth mysteries, ancient astronauts, extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, crop circles, and reincarnation.

The modern lowercase shape goes back to the uncial form x14px, a form that developed during the 3rd century BC in ancient handwriting on papyrus, from a flattened-out form of the letter ( x16px ) that had its edges curved even further upwards.

In 1760 Macpherson published the English-language text Fragments of ancient poetry, collected in the Highlands of Scotland, and translated from the Gaelic or Erse language, and later that year obtained further manuscripts.

The postmodern era has for its distinctive task in philosophy the exploration of a new path, no longer the ancient way of things nor the modern way of ideas, but the way of signs, whereby the peaks and valleys of ancient and modern thought alike can be surveyed and cultivated by a generation which has yet further peaks to climb and valleys to find.

The Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology was created by Pius IX ( 6 January 1852 ) " to take care of the ancient sacred cemeteries, look after their preventive preservation, further explorations, research and study, and also safeguard the oldest mementos of the early Christian centuries, the outstanding monuments and venerable Basilicas in Rome, in the Roman suburbs and soil, and in the other Dioceses in agreement with the respective Ordinaries ".

" may be further understood not only in the spiritual understandings of many in Indonesia but further in the light of numerous representations of the rooster or cock as a religious vessel found in the Catacombs from the earliest period including a painting from the Catacomb of St. Priscilla ( mentioned in all the ancient liturgical sources and known as the " Queen of the Catacombs " in antiquity ) reproduced in Giovanni Gaetano Bottari's folio of 1754, where the Good Shepherd is depicted as feeding the lambs, with a crowing cock on His right and left hand.

The association with ancient Roman traditions was further developed in popular culture through late nineteenth and early twentieth century plays and films.

The scientific revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and science in the middle ages, as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman / Byzantine science and medieval Islamic science.

The ancient amber roads led further south-west and south-east to the Black Sea and eventually to Asia.

Taylor further excavated an interesting Babylonian building, not far from the temple, part of an ancient Babylonian necropolis.

The violin, while it has ancient origins, acquired most of its modern characteristics in 16th-century Italy, with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries.

It is believed that Germanic peoples originally applied the ethnonym to the ancient Veneti, and that after the migration period they transferred it to their new easterly neighbours, the Slavs ( see Relation between Veneti and Slavs for further details ).

This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Albertus Magnus.