The P.D.I. and later the Popular Movement protected the Istiqlal's `` privileged position '' until the fall of Balafrej, and then the Istiqlal used the same argument, which it had previously ignored, against the pro-U.N.F.P. tendencies of the Ibrahim government.

There is nonetheless considerable argument against the clause, softened though it be, on the grounds that Federal aid is so necessary to the public schools.

This has been used as an argument against the use of the axiom of choice.

Another argument against the axiom of choice is that it implies the existence of counterintuitive objects.

These facts were used as an argument against his succession, an oracle having warned Sparta against a " lame reign.

The " epistemic argument " against Platonism has been made by Paul Benacerraf and Hartry Field.

Kiernan ’ s argument against an early dating based on a mixture of forms is long and involved, but he concludes that the mixture of forms points to a comparatively straightforward history of the written text as:

Abelard in his Dialectica made an argument against the idea that the copula can express existence based on a reductio ad absurdum.

The argument is directed against the philosophical positions of functionalism and computationalism, which hold that the mind may be viewed as an information processing system operating on formal symbols.

Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence researchers, it is not an argument against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display.

The ad hominem argument was particularly used by the Howard Government against members of the Australian Labor Party.

An objection against the theist implication of the proposition is that even if one accepts the argument as a proof of a First Cause, it does not identify that First Cause with God.

In contrast, Dr. William Douglass proposed a more secular argument against inoculation, stressing the importance of reason over passion and urging the public to be pragmatic in their choices.

* Brains in a vat philosophical argument against the idea that we could be in cyberspace and not know it by Hilary Putnam

The first significant argument against dualism came from Thomas Hobbes's ( 1588 – 1679 ) materialist critique of the human person.

), Kant's Philosophy of Religion Re-examined ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991 ); an argument against Kant as deist is Stephen Palmquist's " Kant's Theistic Solution ".

He also presents an argument against qualia ; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism.

Another argument against the implementation of a school voucher system is its lack of accountability to the taxpayer.

If it can be claimed that it is ethical to limit the internet and other technology to only users who have the means to utilize these software, then there is no argument against the way things are at the moment ; there is no need to complain if all morality is in affect.

The argument against disclosure is that providing complete details or tools to malicious attackers, such as black hats and script kiddies, allows them to take advantage of vulnerabilities more quickly and makes attacks more widespread.

This explanation may imply that IQ tests do not necessarily measure a general intelligence factor, especially not Raven's as often argued, but instead may measure different types of intelligence that are developed by different experiences ( this argument is against the notion of an underlying general intelligence, or g factor ).

He famously put the point into dramatic relief with his 1939 essay " Proof of an External World ", in which he gave a common sense argument against scepticism by raising his right hand and saying " Here is one hand ," and then raising his left and saying " And here is another ," then concluding that there are at least two external objects in the world, and therefore that he knows ( by this argument ) that an external world exists.

For example, concerning the parameter of per capita income growth, development economist Ha-Joon Chang writes that considering the record of the last two decades the argument for continuing neo-liberal policy prescriptions are " simply untenable.

( In addition to fueling Moore's own work, the " Here is one hand " argument also deeply influenced Wittgenstein, who spent his last years working out a new approach to Moore's argument in the remarks that were published posthumously as On Certainty.

For if this argument works, then any property that has changed from the last time we looked at a thing would mean that the thing does not exist anymore, and there is a new thing in its place.

While many will agree with this last claim, the argument seems inconclusive.

A valid argument is a set of propositions, the last of which follows from — or is implied by — the rest.

Part of the argument was that rhetoric remained the last element of irrationality, driven by religious arguments, in what was perceived as inimical to Republican education.

However, in order to reproduce the next stage of the argument, which eliminates the penultimate day of the week, the prisoner must argue that his ability to deduce, from statement ( A ), that the hanging will not occur on the last day, implies that a last-day hanging would not be surprising.

The argument that first excludes Friday, and then excludes the last remaining day of the week is an inductive one.

Though in 1813 she at last permitted him to live with her, the arrangement soon failed: a year later Johanna asked her son to leave the house following a heated argument between the two of them over Johanna's friendship with her lodger, a younger man named Georg von Gerstenbergk.

A sorites is a form of argument in which a series of incomplete syllogisms is so arranged that the predicate of each premise forms the subject of the next until the subject of the first is joined with the predicate of the last in the conclusion.

Friedrich Engels famously responded to Bakunin, refuting the argument of total decentralization, or anarchism, by scoffing " how these people propose to run a factory, operate a railway or steer a ship without having in the last resort one deciding will, without single management, they of course do not tell us ".

* He protested against the death penalty, dedicating his seminar in his last years to the production of a non-utilitarian argument for its abolition, and was active in the campaign to free Mumia Abu-Jamal.

* ERROR RETURN ( force an error return to a statement or to the operating system, if no error statement is given as last argument of the call )

At the hospital, Barbara Jean and Barnett have an argument because he is going to the after-show gathering to thank Connie for substituting at the last minute.

Other short keystroke combinations, e. g., "" to mean just the last argument of the previous command, allow bits and pieces of previous commands to be pasted together and edited to form a new command.

***-refers to the last argument from the previous command

***-refers to the nth through the last argument from the previous command

**-argument selector for the last argument ; argument need not be supplied, but if none is supplied, the alias name is considered to be the last argument.

But the growing number of Negro-appeal radio stations, plus evidence of strong listener support of their advertisers, give time salesmen an impressive argument as they approach new prospects.

Mordell's theorem had an ad hoc proof ; Weil began the separation of the infinite descent argument into two types of structural approach, by means of height functions for sizing rational points, and by means of Galois cohomology, which was not to be clearly named as that for two more decades.

For the purpose of the ontological argument, we will be focused on the " state and time " approach.

Other critics take a different approach, pointing to experimental evidence that they believe falsifies the argument for Intelligent Design from irreducible complexity.

An important argument, which favors the generative approach, is the Poverty of the stimulus argument.

Seeing this, the Company took the opportunity to experiment with a change to their approach and argument.

A different approach to the problem of evil is to turn the tables on the atheist, by arguing that any argument from evil is self-refuting, in that its conclusion would necessitate the falsity of one of its premises.

The reason is that the background knowledge which Good and others use can not be expressed in the form of a sample proposition-in particular, variants of the standard Bayesian approach often suppose ( as Good did in the argument quoted above ) that the total numbers of ravens, non-black objects and / or the total number of objects, are known quantities.

Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these issues by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument, rather than experiments ( experimental philosophy being an exception ).

Critics of Dennett's approach, such as David Chalmers and Thomas Nagel, argue that Dennett's argument misses the point of the inquiry by merely redefining consciousness as an external property and ignoring the subjective aspect completely.

On the other hand Hall's authorship was an open secret, and in 1642 John Milton used it to attack Hall ( during the Smectymnuus controversy ) by employing the argument that Utopia and New Atlantis had a constructive approach lacking in Mundus Alter.

Islamic law placed importance on formulating standards of argument, which gave rise to a novel approach to logic in Kalam, but this approach was later displaced by ideas from Greek philosophy and Hellenistic philosophy with the rise of the Mu ' tazili philosophers, who highly valued Aristotle's Organon.

However, Weintraub claims in The Philosophical Quarterly that although Sextus ' approach to the problem appears different, Hume's approach was actually an application of another argument raised by Sextus:

Taylor's approach, defending the preservation of slavery under the circumstances and apprehensions of his day, was used to support later and more emphatic defenses of slavery by writers, such as John C. Calhoun, Edmund Ruffin, and George Fitzhugh, who extended the argument by claiming the institution to be a " positive good.

The argument made by Mitchener and Weidenmier ( 2006 ) in support of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine has been criticized on the grounds that it " represent the one-sided approach that some scholars bring to the study of imperialistic and hegemonic interventions and also highlight how arguments for the general utility of imperialism are increasingly made and accepted.

Easterly reproached The End of Poverty in his review for The Washington Post, and Easterly's 2006 book White Man's Burden is a rebuttal of Sachs's argument that poor countries are stuck in a " poverty trap " from which there is no escape except by massively scaled-up foreign aid, though Sachs himself has clearly emphasized the need for a complex, multifaceted, clinical and unique approach to economic development, of which increased and responsible foreign aid is nearly always a necessary but insufficient part.

According to this line of argument utility is not the only thing that matters and so a comprehensive approach to welfare economics should include other factors.

One approach to parody religion aims to highlight deficiencies in particular pro-religious arguments — the thinking being that if a given argument can also be used to support a clear parody, then the original argument is clearly flawed.