A final argument is the Zoo hypothesis, which states that superintelligent extraterrestrial life exists and does not contact life on Earth to allow for its natural evolution and development.

This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that the Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.

This argument also assumes the mediocrity principle, which states that Earth is not special, but merely a typical planet, subject to the same laws, effects, and likely outcomes as any other world.

Craig Evans states that an argument in favor of the partial authenticity of the Testimonium is that the passage does not exaggerate the role played by the Jewish leaders in the death of Jesus.

A slippery slope argument states that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect, much like an object given a small push over the edge of a slope sliding all the way to the bottom.

If S contains two elements that are not pairwise orthogonal ( in particular, the set of all quantum states includes such pairs ) then an argument like that given above shows that the answer is no.

" Ludwig von Mises states that he relaid the general sociological and economic foundations of the liberal doctrine upon utilitarianism, rather than natural law, but R. A. Gonce argues that " the reality of the argument constituting his system overwhelms his denial.

One common interpretation of the argument is that while one may have direct or privileged access to one's current mental states, there is no such infallible access to identifying previous mental states that one had in the past.

One argument states that Plautus writes with originality and creativity — the other, that Plautus is a copycat of Greek New Comedy and that he makes no original contribution to playwriting.

Academic reviews of the topic are more equivocal, noting that although the argument that animals have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings has strong support, some critics continue to question how reliably animal mental states can be determined.

In the theory of formal languages in computability theory, a pumping lemma or pumping argument states that, for a particular language to be a member of a language class, any sufficiently long string in the language contains a section, or sections, that can be removed, or repeated any number of times, with the resulting string remaining in that language.

Since bundle theory states that all concrete particulars are merely constructions or ' bundles ' of attributes, or qualitive properties, the substance theorist's indiscernibility argument claims that the ability to recognize numerically different concrete particulars, such as concrete objects, requires those particulars to have discernible qualitative differences in their attributes and that the metaphysical realist who is also a bundle theorist must therefore concede to the existence of ' discernible ( numerically different ) concrete particulars ', the ' identity of indiscernibles ', and a ' principle of constituent identity '.

Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states, though they may occasionally hold oral argument elsewhere.

If it were different, states would not have the right, nor be in a position, to maintain that minimum of order on which all civilized life rests .” Calling the concept a “ red herring ” he stated: “ This argument has been used by the terrorists themselves, arguing that there is no difference between their activities and those by governments and states.

University of Chicago geneticist James A. Shapiro, writing in the Boston Review, states that advancements in microbiology, molecular biology and genetics, in so far as they overlap with information science, introduces hard science with implications for the teleological argument.

Borrowing from Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics, they employed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the " argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite ", which states:

The second argument, the " argument from the impossibility of completing an actual infinite by successive addition ", states:

) The court also rejected as an argument the potential lack of inter-state conformity that might result from a legal recognition of same-sex marriages in Vermont, pointing out that Vermont already allowed for certain marriage contracts not recognized by other states ( including first-cousin marriages ), and noting that such concerns had not prevented the passage of similarly unique laws allowing same-sex couples to adopt.

The argument further states that meta-ethical relativists, by contrast, cannot condemn theft, rape or genocide ( nor commend generosity, marriage, or the preservation of life ) without relying on the assumption of an objective source for morality.

Regarding the argument of implausibility of Muslims fabricating the story, Shahab Ahmed in the Encyclopedia of the Qur ' an states that " the widespread acceptance of the incident by early Muslims suggests, however, that they did not view the incident as inauspicious and that they would presumably not have, on this basis at least, been adverse to inventing it.

The government's argument was that the communist states had been in fact forced to recognise the GDR and should not be punished for that.

This argument states that if nothing had happened, nothing would have happened, and doesn't take much of a stand in explaining why Antigone returned for the second burial when the first would have fulfilled her religious obligation, regardless of how stubborn she was.

My argument is that there was no Saxon Shore prior to that time even though the forts had been in existence since the time of Carausius.

He shows how a satisfying argument for the validity of experience can be based neither on demonstration ( since " it implies no contradiction that the course of nature may change ") nor experience ( since that would be a circular argument ).

However, this argument may be inverted by realists in arguing that since the sentence " Socrates is wise " can be rewritten as " Socrates has wisdom ", this proves the existence of a hidden referent for " wise ".

Although not an IAU standard, the ephemeris time argument T < sub > eph </ sub > has been in use at that institution since the 1960s.

Therefore, c divides the initial remainder r < sub > 0 </ sub >, since r < sub > 0 </ sub > = a − q < sub > 0 </ sub > b = mc − q < sub > 0 </ sub > nc = ( m − q < sub > 0 </ sub > n ) c. An analogous argument shows that c also divides the subsequent remainders r < sub > 1 </ sub >, r < sub > 2 </ sub >, etc.

It does have a notion of " generator ", which amounts to a function accepting a function as an argument, and, since it is an assembly-level language, code can be used as data, so IPL can be regarded as having higher-order functions.

The argument above may not hold for the universe as a whole, since travel times may well explain the lack of physical presence on Earth of alien inhabitants of far away galaxies.

Even if such civilizations are rare, the scale argument indicates they should exist somewhere at some point during the history of the universe, and since they could be detected from far away over a considerable period of time, many more potential sites for their origin are within range of our observation.

Furthermore, since all functions expecting more than one input can be transformed into equivalent functions accepting a single input ( via Currying ), the lambda calculus has no means for creating a function that accepts more than one argument.

The question of whether or not existence is a predicate has been discussed since the Early Modern period, not least in relation to the ontological argument for the existence of God.

This is a valid argument since it is not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

These operators are commonly pronounced as " mod ", but it is specifically a remainder that is computed ( since in C ++ a negative number will be returned if the first argument is negative, and in Python a negative number will be returned if the second argument is negative ).

This implementation of the factorial function is not guaranteed to terminate, since a negative argument causes an infinite descending chain of recursive calls.

As with other anti-realist meta-ethical theories, non-cognitivism is largely supported by the argument from queerness: ethical properties, if they existed, would be different from any other thing in the universe, since they have no observable effect on the world.

An alternative viewpoint of some credobaptists is that since all Christians are predestined to salvation ( John 15: 16, 1 Cor. 1: 27, Eph. 1: 4, 1 Pt. 2: 4 ), God will not allow his elect to die before receiving their need, even if they are in old age ( Luke 2: 25-35 ), an argument whose relation to baptism whether of infants or adults is unclear, unless it means that infants who die without coming to explicit belief and baptism are not among God's elect.

For example, since we often see effects as " like " their causes, one way to invent an argument ( about a future effect ) is by discussing the cause ( which it will be " like ").

According to Kurzweil's argument, since growth in so many fields of science and technology depends upon computing power, these improvements translate into exponentially more frequent advances in non-computer sciences like nanotechnology, biotechnology, and materials science.

The argument is valid ( because the conclusion is true based on the premises, that is, that the conclusion follows the premises ) and since the premises are in fact true, the argument is sound.

Adam Smith made the argument that free labor was economically better than slave labor, and argued further that slavery in Europe ended during the Middle Ages, and then only after both the church and state were separate, independent and strong institutions, that it is nearly impossible to end slavery in a free, democratic and republican forms of governments since many of its legislators or political figures were slave owners, and would not punish themselves, and that slaves would be better able to gain their freedom when there was centralized government, or a central authority like a king or the church.

The blackout was challenged in Miami-Dade District Court by attorney Ellis Rubin, and although the judge denied Rubin's request since he felt he did not have the power to overrule the NFL, he agreed with Rubin's argument that the blackout rule was unnecessary for the Super Bowl.