Although a Conservative, Disraeli was sympathetic to some of the demands of the Chartists and argued for an alliance between the landed aristocracy and the working class against the increasing power of the merchants and new industrialists in the middle class, helping to found the Young England group in 1842 to promote the view that the landed interests should use their power to protect the poor from exploitation by middle-class businessmen.

Although nominally a Conservative, Disraeli was sympathetic to some of the demands of the Chartists and argued for an alliance between the landed aristocracy and the working class against the increasing power of the middle class, helping to found the Young England group in 1842 to promote the view that the rich should use their power to protect the poor from exploitation by the middle class.

The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including ( in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries ) the Church.

The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including ( in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries ) the church.

Ribbentrop believed the British aristocracy comprised some sort of secret society that ruled from behind the scenes, and if he could befriend enough members of Britain's " secret government ", he could bring about the alliance.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

Minamoto no Yoritomo seized certain powers from the central government and aristocracy and established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperors of Japan and the aristocracy in Japan remained the de jure rulers.

In America, however, where there is no aristocracy or royalty, the Upper Class status belongs to the extremely wealthy, the so-called ' super-rich ', though there is some tendency even in America for those with old family wealth to look down on those who have earned their money in business.

It was until 1877 a separate town ( Dom zu Reval ), the residence of the aristocracy ; it is today the seat of the Estonian parliament, government and some embassies and residencies.

Since the French Revolution, aristocracy has generally been contrasted with democracy, in which all citizens hold some form of political power.

The Whigs failed to unite behind the expansion of county representation ; some objected to the idea because they felt that it would give too much power to the aristocracy and gentry in rural areas.

However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English ( some versions of the legend include lack of knowledge in both languages as a requirement, and one reported version has the very specific phrase " born on Welsh soil and speaking no other language ").

" He organized the founding committee of the Free Officers, which eventually comprised fourteen men from different social and political backgrounds, with some being members of Young Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Egyptian Communist Party, as well as the aristocracy.

These rebellions, in turn, took advantage of the internal rebellions of the central and Eastern part of Asturias, and, on occasions, provided help to one or another contender of the Asturian aristocracy: refuge to Alphonse II in lands of Alava, after his flight ; the support to Nepociano's rebellion in some Asturian areas or the adherence of Galicians to the cause of Ramiro I.

Andronikos, in some ways a capable ruler, was hated for his cruelty and his efforts to keep the aristocracy obedient.

He also sought to protect the rights of peasant freeholders, who served as the main recruitment pool for the armed forces of the Empire, against attempts by the aristocracy to acquire their land-putting him in direct conflict with some of the largest landholders in the Empire.

Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the pretension of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of Hugh's " plan " to campaign in Spain.

However, the Baltic provinces remained dominated and self-governed by the local German-speaking aristocracy which included the descendants of the former knights as well as some more recent immigrants from the German principalities to the west.

Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the claims of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of Hugh's " plan " to campaign in Spain.

Statius ' flattery of these elites has been interpreted in two ways by scholars ; some, maintain that the collection is highly subversive is a subtle criticism of Domitian and the Roman aristocracy.

The relationship between Henri and Gabrielle did not sit well with some members of the French aristocracy, and malicious pamphlets circulated that blamed the new duchess for many national misfortunes.

The names of the Mitanni aristocracy frequently are of Indo-Aryan origin, but it is specifically their deities which show Indo-Aryan roots ( Mitra, Varuna, Indra, Nasatya ), though some think that they are more immediately related to the Kassites.

In the later years of the Republic, attempts were made by the aristocracy to limit the increasing level of chaos associated with the obstructive tendencies and democratic impulses of some of the senators.

Although one of the few areas of mainland Scotland where the Gaelic language did not achieve dominance — the presence of the language is attributed to the " temporary occupation … the presence of a landowning Gaelic-speaking aristocracy and their followers for something like 150-200 years " — there are some placenames from the language, e. g. Dalry, Currie, Balerno and Cockenzie.

It is most prominent in Asian cultures but it is also typical of nobility and aristocracy in many countries and distinctively in Europe.

Fox thought of revolutionary France as the lesser of two evils, and emphasised the role of traditional despots in perverting the course of the revolution: he argued that Louis XVI and the French aristocracy had brought their fates upon themselves by abusing the constitution of 1791 and that the coalition of European autocrats, which was currently dispatching its armies against France's borders, had driven the revolutionary government to desperate and bloody measures by exciting a profound national crisis.

In nineteenth-century European politics, the reactionary class included the Roman Catholic Church's hierarchy — the clergy, the aristocracy, royal families, and royalists — believing that national government is the sole domain of the Church and the state.

The film, entitled L ' Age d ' Or, was begun as a second collaboration with Dalí, but, while working on the scenario, the two had a falling out ; Buñuel, who at the time had strong leftist sympathies, desired a deliberate undermining of all bourgeois institutions, while Dalí, who eventually supported the Spanish fascist dictator Francisco Franco and various figures of the European aristocracy, wanted merely to cause a scandal through the use of various scatological and anti-Catholic images.

Living in Philadelphia, he wrote a few months later to Thomas Russell expressing unqualified dislike of the American people, whom he was disappointed to find no more truly democratic in sentiment and no less attached to authority than the British ; he described George Washington as a " high-flying aristocrat ," and he found the aristocracy of money in America still less to his liking than the European aristocracy of birth.

Born in Nova Scotia to a minor member of the Montdore family, Cedric has cast off his colonial origins and has used his exceptional good looks and personal charm to establish a place within the homosexual milieu of the European aristocracy.

Raynal's own letters, Nouvelles littéraires, dispatched to various German courts, keeping the European aristocracy abreast of current cultural developments in Paris, ceased early in 1755.

Instead he claims that the politeness and gift giving would have been unthinkable without the presences of fashionable men of letters, which attracted to her salon the finest representatives of the Parisian and European aristocracy, and which permitted her to appear as a protector of talents and an accomplished socialite.

The requirements of the new mode of warfare which it made possible found expression in a new form of western European society dominated by an aristocracy of warriors endowed with land so that they might fight in a new and highly specialized way.

Sovereigns of smaller states are typically styled with lesser titles of aristocracy such as Duke of a Duchy or Marquis rather than as hereditary sovereign Princes who do not ascend to kingship as in the European case of the Principality of Monaco, and dynasties which gained or lost significant territory might change the titles of successive rulers from sovereign to aristocratic titles or vice versa, either by self-designation of the ruler or through imposed entitlement from a conquering state.

The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the three Byzantine Greek successor states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian forces during the Fourth Crusade.

Most of Custine's mocking was reserved for the Russian nobility and Nicholas I. Custine said Russia's aristocracy had " just enough of the gloss of European civilization to be ' spoiled as savages ' but not enough to become cultivated men.

Unlike the European and Japanese aristocracy where noble titles were conferred on a hereditary basis, the yangban title was de jure conferred to those individuals who passed state-sponsored civil service exams called gwageo ( 과거, 科擧 ) and their immediate family members.

It is a typical achievement of socially ambitious and pretentious American upper class of the Gilded age who were eager to imitate and surpass the European aristocracy in lifestyle without having a noble pedigree and were seen as extremely vulgar by the European elites.

It is also known for its Jet set and European aristocracy crowd.

When land is given to military or officials for the performance of their duties, their independence increases and the power of the ruler weakens ( consider the Mameluks and their rebellions, or the difference between Chinese Confucian literati who were never able to overthrow the power of the emperor and European knights who evolved into powerful aristocracy in many cases vastly limiting the power of the kings ( especially in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth )).

By 2006, The New York Times described a shooting-brake as " a sleek wagon with two doors and sports-car panache, its image entangled with European aristocracy, fox hunts and baying hounds ,"

He was aware that he was different from most conservationists of his time-who were either European or were from the Indian aristocracy of Muslims and Rajputs often former hunters-in being a vegetarian.

Its tranquillity and warm climate make it a favourite holiday destination amongst European aristocracy and international millionaires.

European people believe in the aristocracy, some to scorn it, others to have something to hate ... In Russia none of this exists.

Traditionally, European armies left major command positions to those who could be trusted, namely, the aristocracy.

He dresses Hollywood actresses, British and International royalty and European aristocracy ; famous clients have included Sienna Miller, Barbra Streisand, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Diana Ross, Emmanuelle Seigner, Rihanna, Kelly Brook, Taylor Swift, Elizabeth McGovern, Rosamund Pike, Anjelica Huston, Faye Dunaway, Jacqueline Jossa, Melanie Griffith, Charlotte Rampling, Jerry Hall, Joan Collins, Queen Noor of Jordan and Queen Rania of Jordan and Diana, Princess of Wales.

The Drake has been frequented by many heads of state, assorted celebrities, international personalities and members of the European aristocracy, some as long-term residents.