The framework for the Big Bang model relies on Albert Einstein's general relativity and on simplifying assumptions such as homogeneity and isotropy of space.

The Big Bang theory depends on two major assumptions: the universality of physical laws and the cosmological principle.

In the history of cosmology, various scientists and researchers have disputed parts or all of the Big Bang due to a rejection or addition of fundamental assumptions needed to develop a theoretical model of the universe.

Non-standard theories developed either by starting from different assumptions or by contradicting the features predicted by the Big Bang.

By contrast, the abundance of < sup > 4 </ sup > He in Big Bang models is very insensitive to assumptions about baryon density, changing only a few percent as the baryon density changes by several orders of magnitude.

Early Taoist texts reject the basic assumptions of Confucianism which relied on rituals and order, in favour of the examples of " wild " nature and individualism.

To calculate the Grade of Service of a specified group of circuits or routes, Agner Krarup Erlang used a set of assumptions that relied on the network losing calls when all circuits in a group were busy.

Unfortunately, Euclid's original system of five postulates ( axioms ) is not one of these as his proofs relied on several unstated assumptions which should also have been taken as axioms.

None are so reliable that their estimates can be fully relied upon ; there are always assumptions which may be very difficult to confirm.

This edition tried to remain closer to what Melville actually wrote but unfortunately relied on Weaver's text with all its various mistaken assumptions and textual errors.

The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists.

In Kuhn's model, different paradigms represented entirely different and incommensurate assumptions about the universe, and was uncertain about whether paradigms shifted in a way which necessarily relied upon greater attainment of truth.

The term " multi-browser " was coined to describe applications that relied on browser sniffing or made otherwise invalid assumptions about run-time environments, which at the time were almost invariably Web browsers.

However, an independent panel of Australian scientists and nuclear experts have been critical of these findings, claiming that they relied upon flawed assumptions while dodging important questions such as the disposal of radioactive waste and the potential greenhouse gas implications of increased mining.

While 19th century evolutionism used value judgment and assumptions for interpreting data, the neoevolutionism relied on measurable information for analyzing the process of cultural evolution.

His assertion — that philosophies in the " Age of Reason " relied far more upon Christian assumptions than they cared to admit — has been influential, but has also been much attacked, notably by Peter Gay.

The assumptions upon which the example shown in Figure 3 is based are: ( A ) One man can direct about six subordinates if the subordinates are chosen carefully so that they do not need too much personal coaching, indoctrinating, etc..

John Miles Foley held, specifically with reference to the Beowulf debate, that while comparative work was both necessary and valid, it must be conducted with a view to the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory that do not assume, or depend upon, finally unverifiable assumptions about composition, and that discard the oral / literate dichotomy focused on composition in favor of a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality.

1 ) The discount rate assumption relies on the market for competing investments at the time of the analysis, which would likely change, perhaps dramatically, over time, and 2 ) straight line assumptions about income increasing over ten years are generally based upon historic increases in market rent but never factors in the cyclical nature of many real estate markets.

Euclid's proofs depend upon assumptions perhaps not obvious in Euclid's fundamental axioms, in particular that certain movements of figures do not change their geometrical properties such as the lengths of sides and interior angles, the so-called Euclidean motions, which include translations and rotations of figures.

Particularly in the wake of the Lucas critique, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon ' microfoundations '— i. e. based upon basic assumptions about micro-level behavior.

Francis Bacon argued the case for what would become modern science which would be based more upon real experience and experimentation, free from assumptions about metaphysics, and aimed at increasing control of nature.

Strong predestinarian views are basically undisturbed by these assumptions, because strong predestination is based upon God's knowledge of Himself and of His own purposes.

And reflecting upon original assumptions in 1995:

Sometimes they seek to challenge the assumptions upon which the student based the previous answer until it can no longer be defended.

Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherent system of ideas, relying upon a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis, but are subjective choices that serve as the seed around which further thought grows.

The design of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution:

" Despite this admission, it seems Descartes ' project for understanding the world was that of re-creating creation-a cosmological project which aimed, through Descartes particular brand of experimental method, to show not merely the possibility of such a system, but to suggest that this way of looking at the world-one with ( as Descartes saw it ) no assumptions about God or nature-provided the only basis upon which he could see knowledge progressing ( as he states in Book II ).

The Köppen climate classification system was strongly influenced by effects of temperature and precipitation upon tree growth, and his oversimplified assumptions resulted in a tropical savanna classification concept which resulted in it being considered as a " climatic climax " formation.

Hanoi had underestimated the strategic mobility of the allied forces, which allowed them to redeploy at will to threatened areas ; their battle plan was too complex and difficult to coordinate, which was amply demonstrated by the 30 January attacks ; their violation of the principle of mass, attacking everywhere instead of concentrating their forces on a few specific targets, allowed their forces to be defeated piecemeal ; the launching of massed attacks headlong into the teeth of vastly superior firepower ; and last, but not least, the incorrect assumptions upon which the entire campaign was based.

Breakthroughs in SMED and other process changing techniques rely upon clear identification of where untapped opportunities may lie if the processing assumptions are challenged.

Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

If the description of the system requires variations in the intensive parameters that are too large, the very assumptions upon which the definitions of these intensive parameters are based will break down, and the system will be in neither global nor local equilibrium.

Such predictions as to the effective range of gravity will vary and are dependent upon the specific aspects and assumptions as to the modes of interactions that are available during particle interactions.

Therefore the claim is already presupposed by the premises, and is no more " supported " than are the assumptions upon which the claim rests, i. e. begging the question.

His plan was built upon the assumptions that land could be bought in unlimited quantities and at reasonable rates, and that all subscribers would be successful farmers who would repay promptly.

CAE dependability is based upon all proper assumptions as inputs and must identify critical inputs ( BJ ).

For distances beyond that, measures depend upon physical assumptions, that is, the assertion that one recognizes the object in question, and the class of objects is homogeneous enough that its members can be used for meaningful estimation of distance.

These assumptions lead to an organization with one man at the top, six directly under him, six under each of these, and so on until there are six levels of personnel.

These are reasonable assumptions with low viscosity fluids suspended in high viscosity fluids which are subjected to low rates of shear.

I do not mean to suggest that these assumptions are self-evident, in the sense that everyone agrees with them.

Because the levels themselves are random variables, some assumptions and the method of contrasting the treatments ( a multi-variable generalization of simple differences ) differ from the fixed-effects model.

The separate assumptions of the textbook model imply that the errors are independently, identically, and normally distributed for fixed effects models, that is, that the errors (' s ) are independent and

In such a case, a court will accept an affidavit from the filing attorney in support of the motion, as certain assumptions are made, to wit: The affidavit in place of sworn testimony promotes judicial economy.

These assumptions and the resulting forms of the momentum equations are outlined below.

Proscribed are unnecessary effort, self-limiting habits as well as mistaken perceptual assumptions.

Whorf argued that paying attention to how other physical phenomena are described in the study of linguistics could make valuable contributions to science by pointing out the ways in which certain assumptions about reality are implicit in the structure of language itself, and how language guides the attention of speakers towards certain phenomena in the world which risk becoming overemphasized while leaving other phenomena at risk of being overlooked.

In 1995, Simon Keynes observed that " if Bede's concept of the Southumbrian overlord, and the chronicler's concept of the ' Bretwalda ', are to be regarded as artificial constructs, which have no validity outside the context of the literary works in which they appear, we are released from the assumptions about political development which they seem to involve ... we might ask whether kings in the eighth and ninth centuries were quite so obsessed with the establishment of a pan-Southumbrian state ".

Dependent arising provides a framework for analysis of reality that is not based on metaphysical assumptions regarding existence or non-existence, but instead on imagining direct cognition of phenomena as they are presented to the mind.

That is, they are designed and operate on assumptions about a synchronization signal.

Crime in the social and legal framework is the set of facts or assumptions ( causes, consequences and objectives ) that are part of a case in which they were committed acts punishable under criminal law, and the application of which depends on the agent of a sentence or security measure criminal.

" He suggested instead that the Copenhagen interpretation follows the principle: " What is observed certainly exists ; about what is not observed we are still free to make suitable assumptions.

Nonetheless, many of its assumptions, including the model of the body, or concept of disease, are not supported by modern evidence-based medicine.

Clausewitz's Christian names are sometimes given in non-German sources as " Carl Philipp Gottlieb " or " Carl Maria ", because of reliance on mistaken source material, conflation with his wife's name, Marie, or mistaken assumptions about German orthography.

Several replies argue that Searle's argument is irrelevant because his assumptions about the mind and consciousness are faulty.

In truth, these assumptions may be misleading, as some carnivores do not hunt and are scavengers ( though most hunting carnivores will scavenge when the opportunity exists ).

There are two assumptions relating to California chaparral fire regimes that appear to have caused considerable debate, and sometimes confusion and controversy, within the fields of wildfire ecology and land management.