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assumptions and upon

John Miles Foley held
, specifically with reference to
the Beowulf debate
, that while comparative work was both necessary and valid
, it must be conducted with a view to
the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory
that do not assume
, or depend
upon, finally unverifiable
assumptions about composition
, and
that discard
the oral / literate dichotomy focused on composition
in favor of a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality
.

1
) The discount rate assumption relies on
the market for competing investments at
the time of
the analysis
, which would likely change
, perhaps dramatically
, over time
, and 2
) straight line
assumptions about income increasing over ten years
are generally
based upon historic increases
in market rent but never factors
in the cyclical nature of many real estate markets
.

Euclid's proofs depend
upon assumptions perhaps
not obvious
in Euclid's fundamental axioms
, in particular
that certain movements of figures
do not change their geometrical properties such as
the lengths of sides and interior angles
, the so-called Euclidean motions
, which include translations and rotations of figures
.

Particularly
in the wake of
the Lucas critique
, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built
upon ' microfoundations '— i
. e
. based upon basic
assumptions about micro-level behavior
.

Francis Bacon argued
the case for what would become modern science
which would be
based more
upon real experience and experimentation
, free from
assumptions about metaphysics
, and aimed at increasing control of nature
.

Strong predestinarian views
are basically undisturbed by these
assumptions, because strong predestination
is based upon God's knowledge of Himself and of His own purposes
.

And reflecting
upon original
assumptions in 1995
:

Sometimes
they seek to challenge
the assumptions upon which the student
based the previous answer until it
can no longer be defended
.

Meta-ideology posits
that ideology
is a coherent system of ideas
, relying
upon a few basic
assumptions about reality
that may or may
not have any factual basis
, but
are subjective choices
that serve as
the seed around
which further thought grows
.
The design of
the Electoral College was
based upon several
assumptions and anticipations of
the Framers of
the Constitution
:

None
are so reliable
that their estimates
can be fully relied
upon ; there
are always
assumptions which may be very difficult to confirm
.

" Despite this admission
, it seems Descartes ' project for understanding
the world was
that of re-creating creation-a cosmological project
which aimed
, through Descartes particular brand of experimental method
, to show
not merely
the possibility of such a system
, but to suggest
that this way of looking at
the world-one with
( as Descartes saw it
) no
assumptions about God or nature-provided
the only basis
upon which he could see knowledge progressing
( as he states
in Book II ).
The Köppen climate classification system was strongly influenced by effects of temperature and precipitation
upon tree growth
, and his oversimplified
assumptions resulted
in a tropical savanna classification concept
which resulted
in it being considered as a " climatic climax " formation
.
The assumptions that the Big Bang relied
upon are:

Hanoi had underestimated
the strategic mobility of
the allied forces
, which allowed them to redeploy at will to threatened areas ; their battle plan was
too complex and difficult to coordinate
, which was amply demonstrated by
the 30 January attacks ; their violation of
the principle of mass
, attacking everywhere instead of concentrating their forces on a few specific targets
, allowed their forces to be defeated piecemeal ;
the launching of massed attacks headlong into
the teeth of vastly superior firepower ; and last
, but
not least
, the incorrect
assumptions upon which the entire campaign was
based.

Breakthroughs
in SMED and other process changing techniques rely
upon clear identification of where untapped opportunities may lie
if the processing
assumptions are challenged
.

Eclecticism
is a conceptual approach
that does
not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of
assumptions, but instead draws
upon multiple theories
, styles
, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject
, or applies different theories
in particular cases
.

If
the description of
the system requires variations
in the intensive parameters
that are too large
, the very
assumptions upon which the definitions of these intensive parameters
are based will break down
, and
the system will be
in neither global nor local equilibrium
.

Such predictions as to
the effective range of gravity will vary and
are dependent
upon the specific aspects and
assumptions as to
the modes of interactions
that are available during particle interactions
.

Therefore
the claim
is already presupposed by
the premises
, and
is no more " supported " than
are the assumptions upon which the claim rests
, i
. e
. begging
the question
.

His plan was built
upon the assumptions that land could be bought
in unlimited quantities and at reasonable rates
, and
that all subscribers would be successful farmers who would repay promptly
.

CAE dependability
is based upon all proper
assumptions as inputs and must identify critical inputs
( BJ ).

For distances beyond
that, measures depend
upon physical
assumptions, that is, the assertion
that one recognizes
the object
in question
, and
the class of objects
is homogeneous enough
that its members
can be used for meaningful estimation of distance
.
assumptions and which

These
are reasonable
assumptions with low viscosity fluids suspended
in high viscosity fluids
which are subjected to low rates of shear
.

Philosophy
can prevent
the working scientist from becoming slothful and self-content by noting
the assumptions and level at
which a hypothesis or theory
is framed
.
The analysis of variance
can be presented
in terms of a linear model
, which makes
the following
assumptions about the probability distribution of
the responses
:

Problems
which do not satisfy
the assumptions of ANOVA
can often be transformed to satisfy
the assumptions.
The contrast between
the " careful control against
the almost inconceivable perversion of his scheme " and "
the ridiculousness of
the proposal " create a situation
in which the reader has " to consider just what perverted values and
assumptions would allow such a diligent
, thoughtful
, and conventional
man to propose
so perverse a plan ".

He also argues
that alternative conceptions of morality exist
which do not rely on
the assumptions that Kant makes – he cites utilitarianism as an
example which does
not require
the summum bonum
.

Whorf argued
that paying attention to how other physical phenomena
are described
in the study of linguistics could make valuable contributions to science by pointing out
the ways
in which certain
assumptions about reality
are implicit
in the structure of language itself
, and how language guides
the attention of speakers towards certain phenomena
in the world
which risk becoming overemphasized while leaving other phenomena at risk of being overlooked
.

In 1995
, Simon Keynes observed
that "
if Bede's concept of
the Southumbrian overlord
, and
the chronicler's concept of
the ' Bretwalda ',
are to be regarded as artificial constructs
, which have no validity outside
the context of
the literary works
in which they appear
, we
are released from
the assumptions about political development
which they seem to involve ... we might ask whether kings
in the eighth and ninth centuries were quite
so obsessed with
the establishment of a pan-Southumbrian state ".

Crime
in the social and legal framework
is the set of facts or
assumptions ( causes
, consequences and objectives
) that are part of a case
in which they were committed acts punishable under criminal law
, and
the application of
which depends on
the agent of a sentence or security measure criminal
.
One example of
the fruitfulness of questioning
assumptions comes from questioning
the assumption
that " China was weak
in the 19th century " and pointing out
the fact
that at
the time
in which China was supposedly weak
, it managed to considerably extend its borders
in Central Asia
.

# Study of
the ways
in which all varieties of psychology
are culturally historically constructed
, and how alternative varieties of psychology may confirm or resist ideological
assumptions in mainstream models ;
A key aim was to base categorization on colloquial English descriptive language
( which would be easier to use by federal administrative offices ), rather than
assumptions of etiology
, although its categorical approach assumed each particular pattern of symptoms
in a category reflected a particular underlying pathology
( an approach described as " neo-Kraepelinian ").
The term " market failure " encompasses several problems
which may undermine standard economic
assumptions.

" Without these questions there
is no clear fulcrum on
which to balance law
, politics
, and
the practice of arbitration —
in fact
, no common
assumptions of all participants —
so the ability to formulate
the questions
are prior to rights balancing
.

Robert Lowie later said
that Sapir's fascination with indigenous languages stemmed from
the seminar with Boas
in which Boas used examples from Native American languages to disprove all of Sapir's common-sense
assumptions about the basic nature of Language
.

Today
, as
in the time of Euripides
, traditional
assumptions are constantly under challenge and audiences therefore have a natural affinity with
the Euripidean outlook
which seems nearer to ours for
example than
the Elizabethan
.
assumptions and example

For
example, current scholars of China tend to question
the question
, and look heavily at
the assumptions within a question before attempting to answer it
.

For instance
, if the expected sale price of John Doe's house
in the example above was
not $ 150
, 000
in three years
, but $ 130
, 000
in three years or $ 150
, 000
in five years
, then on
the above
assumptions buying
the house would actually cause John to lose money
in present-value terms
( about $
3, 000
in the first case
, and
about $ 8
, 000
in the second ).
A number of economists
( for
example Pierangelo Garegnani
, Robert L
. Vienneau
, and Arrigo Opocher & Ian Steedman ), building on
the work of Piero Sraffa
, argue
that that model
, even given all its
assumptions, is logically incoherent
.
The development of algebraic geometry from its classical to modern forms
is a particularly striking
example of
the way an area of mathematics
can change radically
in its viewpoint
, without making what was correctly proved before
in any way incorrect ; of course mathematical progress clarifies gaps
in previous proofs
, often by exposing hidden
assumptions, which progress has revealed worth conceptualizing
.
The contradiction of reductionism
in conventional theory
( which has as its subject a single part
) is simply an
example of changing
assumptions.
A number of economists
( for
example Pierangelo Garegnani
, Robert L
. Vienneau
, and Arrigo Opocher & Ian Steedman ), building on
the work of Piero Sraffa
, argue
that this model of
the labor market
, even given all its
assumptions, is logically incoherent
.

For
example, when one observes a measured increase
in temperature with a thermometer
, that observation
is based on
assumptions about the nature of temperature and its measurement
, as well as
assumptions about how
the thermometer functions
.

For
example the presence of an anomalous medieval pottery sherd
in what was thought to be an Iron Age ditch feature could radically alter onsite thinking on
the correct strategy for digging a site and save a lot of information being lost due to incorrect
assumptions about the nature of
the deposits
which will be destroyed by
the excavation process and
in turn
, limit
the sites potential for revealing information for post-excavation specialists
.

Proponents of using
the terms rather than terms like " non-transsexual " or " non-trans " have argued
that it calls attention to and unsettles
the assumption
that people
, by default
, have an internal sense of being male or female
that matches
the sex marker
they were assigned at birth
: for
example, Jillana Enteen wrote
that " cissexual "
is " meant to show
that there
are embedded
assumptions encoded
in expecting this seamless conformity
.

He demonstrates
the absurdity with
the narrowness of
the assumptions by some economists with
the following
example of two strangers meeting on a street
.

For
example, the works of Jacques Derrida on
the failure of language to impart
the truth of
the objects it
is meant to represent would
not be possible without Quintilian ’ s
assumptions about the function of figurative language and tropes
.

For
example, Newtonian physics
, general relativity and quantum mechanics
are three distinct systems
, each scientifically proven to have integrity according to their base
assumptions and measures
, but all three of
which produce different extrapolated values when applied to real world situations
.

For
example, the variations
in mindset between Democratic Party and Republican Party Presidents
in the U
. S
. may have made
that country more able to challenge
assumptions than
the Kremlin with its more static bureaucracy
.

For
example, supertasking Turing machines
, under
the usual
assumptions, would be able to compute any predicate
in the truth-table degree containing or
.

For
example, Colin Danby emphasizes how heteronormative
assumptions have remained
in economic models
, including those of feminist economists
, and offers strategies by
which they may be overcome to better represent
the diversity of
the world's people
.

For
example, the Ptolemaic theory contained numerous ad hoc
assumptions ;
the Copernican theory
is simple and parsimonious
, and also more accurate
.

For
example, assumptions can be used as premises
in a logical argument
.

With certain
assumptions on
the function
( for
example, convex and Lipschitz
) and particular choices of
( e
. g.,
chosen via a line search
that satisfies
the Wolfe conditions ), convergence to a local minimum
can be guaranteed
.

Different clustering techniques make different
assumptions on
the structure of
the data
, often defined by some similarity metric and evaluated for
example by internal compactness
( similarity between members of
the same cluster
) and separation between different clusters
.

In this case
the rules
can be read bottom-up ; for
example, (∧ R
) says
that, to prove
that A ∧ B follows from
the assumptions Γ and Σ
, it suffices to prove
that A can be concluded from Γ and B
can be concluded from Σ
, respectively
.
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