While in Puerto Rico slavery was 2 % of the population and blacks were less than 11 %, Cuba was 30 % black and slaves wee the backbone of the plantation economy.

The backbone cabal was an informal organization of large-site administrators of the worldwide distributed newsgroup-based discussion system Usenet.

The cabal was created in an effort to facilitate reliable propagation of new Usenet posts: While in the 1970s and 1980s many news servers only operated during night time to save on the cost of long distance communication, servers of the backbone cabal were available 24 hours a day.

A Cabal room in use at Valve Software. During the rise of Usenet, the term was used as a semi-ironic description of the efforts of people to maintain some order over the chaotic, anarchic Usenet community ( see backbone cabal ).

The legal base and the guidance for the creation of the system of " corrective labor camps " (), the backbone of what is commonly referred to as the " Gulag ", was a secret decree of Sovnarkom of July 11, 1929, about the use of penal labor that duplicated the corresponding appendix to the minutes of Politburo meeting of June 27, 1929.

In the mid-80s the backbone was upgraded to a 2 Mbit / s backbone with 64 kbit / s access links, and a further upgrade in the early 1990s sped the backbone to 8 Mbit / s and the access links to 2 Mbit / s, making Janet the fastest X. 25 network in the world.

In 2002 the core SuperJanet4 backbone was upgraded to 10 Gbit / s.

The backbone of the country's private-sector success was provided by Asian Kenyans ; during the colonial period, it was they who had created their country's internal market, and then dominated internal trade.

This period of economic stability and prosperity was brought to an abrupt halt with the collapse of Yousef Beidas ' Intra Bank, the country's largest bank and financial backbone, in 1966.

Despite the participation of these aircraft ( mainly from 1938 onward ), it was the venerable Junkers Ju 52 ( which soon became the backbone of the Transportgruppen ) that made the main contribution.

In 1936 the Junkers Ju 52 was the backbone of the German bomber fleet.

Video game manufacturers used the 68000 as the backbone of many arcade games and home game consoles: Atari's Food Fight, from 1982, was one of the first 68000-based arcade games.

High conductivity of 1 S / cm in linear backbone polymers ( in an iodine -" doped " and oxidized polypyrrole black ) was reported in 1963.

The djed, a type of pillar, was usually understood as the backbone of Osiris, and, at the same time, as the Nile, the backbone of Egypt.

Internet services have been available since 1996 but there was no fiber connectivity available to the Internet backbone till 2009.

Public disorder regarding the Roses dynasties was always a threat until the 17th century Stuart / Bourbon re-alignment occasioned by a series of events such as the execution of Lady Jane Grey, despite her brother in law, Leicester's reputation in Holland, the Rising of the North ( in which the old Percy-Neville feud and even anti-Scottish sentiment was discarded on account of religion ; Northern England shared the same Avignonese bias as the Scottish court, on par with Valois France and Castile, which became the backbone of the Counter-Reformation, with Protestants being solidly anti-Avignonese ) and death of Elizabeth I of England without children.

In examining the wreckage, the only human body part he could see was part of a backbone.

Industrialized farming was once the backbone of the domestic Zimbabwean economy and contributed up to 40 % of the exported produce.

Italy has a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size, but there is a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, as in the Northern " industrial triangle " ( Milan-Turin-Genoa ), where there is an area of intense industrial and machinery production, notably in their several industrial districts, which are the backbone of the Italian industry.

To improve performance, priority queues typically use a heap as their backbone, giving O ( log n ) performance for inserts and removals, and O ( n ) to build initially.

can often be specified by the sequence of amino acids along their backbone.

The PLAN initially utilized Soviet-based hardware as the backbone of their forces, with increasing domestic production over time.

In return, Yota will use Rostelecom's wire communications channels at their telecommunication equipment sites ; it will gain access to Rostelecom's Internet connection and inter-city backbone links and the company's existing telecommunication equipment sites and data centres.

Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another, rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone.

The band released recordings of a fair number of their concerts, and on some of these the band worked out material which would later form the backbone of their studio recordings ( for example, Pergamon, which documents a concert given in East Berlin shortly after Johannes Schmoelling joined the group, contains themes that would appear later on Tangram ).

All other areas are connected to it, and inter-area routing happens via routers connected to the backbone area and to their own associated areas.

In the early days of the Internet, backbone providers exchanged their traffic at government-sponsored network access points, until the government privatized the Internet, and then transferred the NAPs to commercial providers.

These backbone providers sell their services to Internet service providers ( ISPs ).

In contrast, a large portion of the settlers encroaching on their territories and against whom the Cherokee ( and other Indians ) took most of their actions were Scots-Irish, Irish from Ulster of Scottish descent, a group which also provided the backbone for the forces of the Revolution ( a famous example of a Scots-Irishman doing the reverse is Simon Girty ).

Starting with the onset of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, this support largely disappeared and the missions and their converts were left on their own ( as of 1800, native labor had made up the backbone of the colonial economy ).

After the introduction of Tatra 11 and Tatra 12 cars with their distinctive backbone tube design and swing axles, Tatra introduced its first truck on the same basis, the light utility Tatra 13 powered by 2-cylinder air-cooled petrol engine with power output 8. 8 kW ( 12 hp ) and cargo capacity.

Gray argues that their problem is class consciousness: the working classes can act in a vulgar way, and the upper class can be silly ; but the middle class is or at least considers itself the moral backbone of society — a notion whose validity Coward did not really want to question or jeopardise, as the middle classes were Coward's principal audience.

Carter, Hancock and Williams would go on to become one of the quintessential rhythm sections of the decade, both together on their own albums and as the backbone of Miles Davis's second great quintet.

Most Internet backbone links are now so fast ( e. g. 10 Gbit / s ) that their delays are dominated by the transmission medium ( e. g., optical fiber ) and the routers driving them do not have enough buffering for queuing delays to be significant.

Swiftly spun off into their own title in Oct / Nov 1960, the Justice League would become the backbone of the DC Universe, and thanks to the concept of the multiverse, regularly engage in annual " team-up " s with their 1940s counter-parts, the Justice Society in tales written by Fox.

Originally the Soviets thought that their forces would strengthen the backbone of the Afghan army and provide assistance by securing major cities, lines of communication and transportation.

By using WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network.

A member of the " Ole Miss " Athletic Hall of Fame, he was a linebacker of the University of Mississippi who came to the American Football League's New York Titans in the 1960 college draft and helped form the backbone of a New York Jets defense that reached the playoffs in 1968 and 1969, and in 1968 captured the AFL Championship and the World Championship, over the NFL's Baltimore Colts.

The DEW Line and Pinetree Line radar systems formed the backbone of continental air defense in the 1950s and 1960s.

Phil Jack Dawson, then head coach of Westbrook High School in Westbrook, Maine, developed an effective defense against the wishbone offense then in use by Texas, called “ backbone defense ”.

Tacticity is particularly significant in vinyl polymers of the type-H < sub > 2 </ sub > C-CH ( R )- where each repeating unit with a substituent R on one side of the polymer backbone is followed by the next repeating unit with the substituent on the same side as the previous one, the other side as the previous one or positioned randomly with respect to the previous one.

This unit is useful because it scales with clock frequency and thus allows relatively slow interconnects such as T1 to be compared to higher-speed internet backbone links such as OC-192.

During the Civil War New York's Irish firefighters were the backbone of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( New York Fire Zouaves ), a highly decorated unit.

The Nemo quickly proved to be a powerful unit and remained to be AEUG's and Karaba's backbone force until the end of the conflict.

A segment of galactomannan showing mannose backbone ( below ) with a branching galactose unit ( top )