conduct, encourage, and promote fundamental scientific research and basic studies to develop the best and most economical processes and methods for converting saline water into water suitable for beneficial consumptive purposes ; ;

In 1789, French nobleman and scientific researcher Antoine Lavoisier discovered the law of conservation of mass and defined an element as a basic substance that could not be further broken down by the methods of chemistry.

* Sir Ronald A. Fisher developed several basic statistical methods in support of his work The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

In 1929, the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method ( LCAO ) approximation was introduced by Sir John Lennard-Jones, who also suggested methods to derive electronic structures of molecules of F < sub > 2 </ sub > ( fluorine ) and O < sub > 2 </ sub > ( oxygen ) molecules, from basic quantum principles.

They established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods: paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography.

Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of preservation such as drying, salting, pickling and fermentation.

Some linguists, such as John McWhorter, have analyzed the evolution and construction of basic communication methods such as Pidginization and Creolization.

The term semi-empirical is sometimes used to describe theoretical methods that make use of basic axioms, established scientific laws, and previous experimental results in order to engage in reasoned model building and theoretical inquiry.

Although his methods were primitive, his basic premises have held true today and have been reaffirmed by more methodologically sound methods.

E. W. Gilbert's version ( 1958 ) of John Snow ( physician ) | John Snow's 1855 map of the Soho cholera outbreak showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 While the basic elements of topography and theme existed previously in cartography, the John Snow map was unique, using cartographic methods not only to depict but also to analyze clusters of geographically dependent phenomena.

* In the mobile text input technologies, Glyph is a family of text input methods based on the decomposition of letters into basic shapes.

He avoided high-quality, professional recording machines, preferring to use very basic equipment and bricolage methods, such as sticking matchsticks in the erase heads of a second-hand tape recorder, or manually interfering with the tape path ( Wendt 1985, 16 – 17 ).

There are two basic methods for navigation:

The basic science of pharmacology, with added focus on the application of pharmacological principles and methods in the real world

The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge.

Contrary to the typical steganographic methods which utilize digital media ( images, audio and video files ) as a cover for hidden data, network steganography utilizes communication protocols ' control elements and their basic intrinsic functionality.

He started to use different methods of training such as weight training for strength, running for endurance, stretching for flexibility, and many others which he constantly adapted, including fencing and basic boxing techniques.

The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve in batch culture was traditionally a part of the training of all microbiologists ; the basic means requires bacterial enumeration ( cell counting ) by direct and individual ( microscopic, flow cytometry ), direct and bulk ( biomass ), indirect and individual ( colony counting ), or indirect and bulk ( most probable number, turbidity, nutrient uptake ) methods.

The basic computer-to-UPS control methods are intended for one-to-one signalling from a single source to a single target.

Some Condorcet methods involve the basic procedure described below, coupled with a Condorcet completion method — a method used to find a winner when there is no Condorcet winner.

It does not appear that the basic principle is controversial, although there is much controversy on ecological health indicators, value of nature's services and Earth itself, consistent methods of ecosystem valuation, biodiversity metrics and methods of audit that might apply to these services, systems and biomes.

There are three basic methods used to deliver ordnance onto targets in a strategic bombing campaign.

These basic ideas concerning the nature of religion were, Adams believed, some of the major keys to the understanding of history and the movement of society.

In their vases were embodied the basic aesthetic and logical characteristics of Greek civilization, at first hesitantly in Protogeometric work, and then more confidently in the initial stages of the Geometric style.

Actually, the types of infection that could attack a warm-blooded mammal were not infinite, and over the course of the last few hundred years adequate defenses had been found for all basic categories.

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

The basic APC design was substantially expanded to an Infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV ) when properties of an armoured personnel carrier and a light tank were combined in one vehicle.

In particular many of the basic spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques were discovered in the early 20th century and refined in the late 20th century.

The basic needs of the fort were met by a mixture of direct production, purchase and requisition ; in one letter, a request for money to buy 5, 000 modii ( measures ) of braces ( a cereal used in brewing ) shows that the fort bought provisions for a considerable number of people.

Most noblemen were educated at home briefly in scripture, rhetoric, calligraphy and basic mathematics.

This root and its basic meaning were retained in both Lithuanian ( as baltas ) and in Latvian ( as balts ).

Translucent Bakelite jewelry, poker chips and other gaming items such as chess sets were also introduced in the 1940s under the Prystal Corporation name, however, its basic chemical composition remained the same.

TWA sued Burroughs for non-fulfillment of the contract, but Burroughs counter-sued, stating that the basic system did work and that the problems were in TWA's applications software.

The keywords, syntax and other basic features of the language were all copied from sh.

" At first only very basic non-specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were miniaturized into ICs.

However, over time, the new aesthetic caused radical changes in how pieces were put together, and the basic layouts changed.

A set of ontological distinctions related by a single conceptual metaphor was called an ontological metaphor by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, who claimed that such metaphors arising from experience were more basic than any properties or symbol-based comparisons.

Contrary to a basic understanding of the cardiovascular system, the heart cannot receive enough oxygen and nutrients from the blood it pumps and it must be supplied with blood as if it were any other organ in the body.

Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth.

In all forms of thought coercion the immediate objective is to force other people to act as if their basic choice rules were identical to those of the coercing party.

These new principles were presented in the Tamworth Manifesto which is considered by historians to be the basic statement of the beliefs of the new Conservative Party.

Respondents were not asked to describe themselves as " born again ", but as is standard in Barna studies, this classification was defined according to basic standard criteria.

Once the round has ended, surviving players retain their equipment for use in the next round ; players who were killed begin the next round with the basic default starting equipment.

For example, in Spanish the letter ñ is treated as a basic letter following n, and the digraphs ch and ll were formerly ( until 1994 ) treated as basic letters following c and l, although they are now alphabetized as two-letter combinations.

Human Rights Watch released a report on the situation in 1989, which stated: " contras were major and systematic violators of the most basic standards of the laws of armed conflict, including by launching indiscriminate attacks on civilians, selectively murdering non-combatants, and mistreating prisoners.