Some Austronesianists argue that these languages have four alignments, with additional " voices " that mark a locative or benefactive with the direct case, but most maintain that these are not core arguments and thus not basic to the system.

An example of a language with a benefactive case is Basque, which has a benefactive case ending in-entzat.

Quechua is another example, and the benefactive case ending in Quechua is-paq.

Tangkhul-Naga ( from the Tibeto-Burman group of languages ) has the benefactive case marker.

English verbs must agree only with the subject ; Ubykh verbs must agree with the subject, the direct object and the indirect object, and benefactive objects must also be marked in the verb.

Pronominal benefactives are also part of the verbal complex, marked with the preverb -, but a benefactive cannot normally appear on a verb that has three agreement prefixes already.

The benefactive construction in South Efate.

The accusative case ( abbreviated ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.

In linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ) is a cases ( noun inflections ) in various languages whose common characteristic is that inter alia they mark motion away from something, though the details in each language may differ.

The abbreviators found it to their own convenience and interest to use the abbreviated form, and especially was this the case at Rome.

For case of single stranded DNA / RNA units of nucleotides are used, abbreviated nt ( or knt, Mnt, Gnt ), as they are not paired.

Canadian Forces identity discs ( abbreviated " I discs ") are designed to be broken in two in the case of fatality ; the lower half is returned to National Defence Headquarters with the member's personal documents, while the upper half remains on the body.

The dative case ( abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument ) is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to which something is given, as in " George gave Jamie a drink ".

The ergative case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative – absolutive languages.

The term first past the post ( abbreviated FPTP or FPP ) was coined as an analogy to horse racing, where the winner of the race is the first to pass a particular point ( the " post ") on the track ( in this case a plurality of votes ), after which all other runners automatically and completely lose ( that is, the payoff is " winner-takes-all ").

Qui tam is an abbreviated form of the Latin legal phrase qui tam pro domino rege quam pro se ipso in hac parte sequitur (" he who brings a case on behalf of our lord the King, as well as for himself ") In a qui tam action, the citizen filing suit is called a " relator ".

In grammar, genitive ( abbreviated ; also called the possessive case or second case ) is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun.

The nominative case ( abbreviated ) is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments.

The vocative case ( abbreviated ) is the case used for a noun identifying the person ( animal, object, etc.

The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report, or the same species is mentioned repeatedly ; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used, but may then be abbreviated to an initial ( and a period / full stop ).

Inessive case ( abbreviated ; from Latin inesse " to be in or at ") is a locative grammatical case.

Elative ( abbreviated ; from Latin efferre " to bring or carry out ") is a locative case with the basic meaning " out of ".

In Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, the adessive case ( abbreviated ; from Latin adesse " to be present ") is the fourth of the locative cases with the basic meaning of " on ".

Allative case ( abbreviated ; from Latin allāt -, afferre " to bring to ") is a type of the locative cases used in several languages.

The essive or similaris case ( abbreviated ) carries the meaning of a temporary location or state of being, often equivalent to the English " as a ( child )".

This text from Dr. Huxley is sometimes used by enthusiasts to indicate that they have the permission of the scientists to press the case for a wonderful unfoldment of psychic powers in human beings.

Though the slightest yank was frequently capable of producin' results, many men assured success through a turn of the tail 'bout the saddle horn, supplemented sometimes, in the case of cattle, by a downward heave of the rider's leg upon the strainin' tail.

The use of multi-defined words requires the author or speaker to clarify their context, and sometimes elaborate on their specific intended meaning ( in which case, a less ambiguous term should have been used ).

Although the phrase " Arabic numeral " is frequently capitalized, it is sometimes written in lower case: for instance, in its entry in the Oxford English dictionary.

It can sometimes result in reactions that range in severity from a rash ( in the case of patients that may unwittingly have mononucleosis ) to potentially lethal allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis.

Eliminating the turret also allowed the vehicle to carry thicker armor than would otherwise be the case, although sometimes there was no roof ( or merely a strip of canvas ) to keep the overall weight down to the limit that the chassis could bear.

In the latter case a battery observation team can order fire to their own battery and may be authorised to order fire to their own battalion and sometimes to many battalions.

The discovery and elucidation of aberration is now regarded as a classic case of the application of scientific method, in which observations are made to test a theory, but unexpected results are sometimes obtained that in turn lead to new discoveries.

In reviewing the 2008 Menier Chocolate Factory production, The Telegraph reviewer wrote that " Sondheim's lyrics are often superbly witty, his music here, mostly in haunting waltz-time, far more accessible than is sometimes the case.

In this case, is the smallest σ-algebra that contains the open intervals of R. While there are many Borel measures μ, the choice of Borel measure which assigns for every interval is sometimes called " the " Borel measure on R. In practice, even " the " Borel measure is not the most useful measure defined on the σ-algebra of Borel sets ; indeed, the Lebesgue measure is an extension of " the " Borel measure which possesses the crucial property that it is a complete measure ( unlike the Borel measure ).

Contestants are sometimes permitted to exit the house in case of emergencies.

As in the case of Old Scatness in Shetland ( near Jarlshof and Burroughston on Shapinsay, brochs were sometimes located close to arable land and a source of water ( some have wells or natural springs rising within their central space ).

It is sometimes made with cola, in which case it is referred to as a Dirty Black Russian, as opposed to Clean when without it.

In almost every case, Jews were murdered, sometimes by a mob, sometimes following torture and a trial.

The later is sometimes added after the former, especially in the case of BCE ( e. g. שנת 150 לפני הספירה למנינם ), due to technical linguistic reasons.

A person might be branded with a censorial mark in a variety of cases, which it would be impossible to specify, as in a great many instances it depended upon the discretion of the censors and the view they took of a case ; and sometimes even one set of censors would overlook an offence which was severely chastised by their successors.

It is sometimes referred to as an art form, because of the need for an attorney to know precisely how to elicit the testimony from the opposing witness that will help, not hinder, their client's case.

In enacting Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy code, Congress concluded that it is sometimes the case that the value of a business is greater if sold or reorganized as a going concern than the value of the sum of its parts if the business's assets were to be sold off individually.

In certain situations such as auto accidents or sports injuries, the CSF cannot protect the brain from forced contact with the skull case, causing hemorrhaging, brain damage, and sometimes death.

A different dimension on which dictionaries ( usually just general-purpose ones ) are sometimes distinguished is whether they are prescriptive or descriptive, the latter being in theory largely based on linguistic corpus studies — this is the case of most modern dictionaries.

Even if they do not mean to, advertisers, reviewers, scholars and aficionados sometimes give away details or parts of the plot, and sometimes — for example in the case of Mickey Spillane's novel I, the Jury — even the solution.