A ballistic missile is used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory.

As early as 1966, resolutions were introduced to the United Nations charging that the U. S. was violating the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which regulated the use of chemical and biological weapons.

The Ames test is a biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds.

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter.

Biochemistry studies the chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, and in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Around two dozen of the 92 naturally-occurring chemical elements are essential to various kinds of biological life.

Further, chemical biology employs biological systems to create non-natural hybrids between biomolecules and synthetic devices ( for example emptied viral capsids that can deliver gene therapy or drug molecules ).

This definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel to biophysics or biochemistry ( biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in biological systems ).

Like some of the chemical weapons, biological weapons may also be useful as area denial weapons.

There is an overlap between biological warfare and chemical warfare, as the use of toxins produced by living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with biological warfare and chemical warfare because they may work in a similar manner as biotoxins or bioregulators and also because the Army Biological Laboratory tested them and the Army's Technical Escort Unit which all chemical, biological, radiological ( nuclear ) materials.

During the first Gulf War the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team, Task Force Scorpio, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians.

United States Airman wearing an M17 gas mask | M-17 nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare mask and hood

Biotechnology draws on the pure biological sciences ( genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology ) and in many instances it is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology ( chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics ).

Rather, BV is a disordering of the chemical and biological balance of the normal flora.

Aside from those pharmaceutical products directly incorporating biological agents or materials, even developing chemical drugs is considered to require substantial BME knowledge due to the physiological interactions inherent to such products ' usage.

This is an extremely broad category — essentially covering all health care products that do not achieve their intended results through predominantly chemical ( e. g., pharmaceuticals ) or biological ( e. g., vaccines ) means, and do not involve metabolism.

Bistability can only arise in biological and chemical systems if three necessary conditions are fulfilled: positive feedback, a mechanism to filter out small stimuli and a mechanism to prevent explosions.

By 1975 signatories to the 1974 Declaration of Ayacucho, of which Colombia was one, had decided on limitations to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.

Each type of manure has its own physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

Plant litter and other biomass accumulates as organic matter in soils, and is degraded by chemical weathering and biological degradation.

* 1972 – Seventy-four nations sign the Biological Weapons Convention, the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning the production of biological weapons.

Offensive biological warfare, including mass production, stockpiling and use of biological weapons, was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention ( BWC ).

Therefore, biological agents may be useful as strategic deterrents in addition to their utility as offensive weapons on the battlefield.

However, both the Soviet Union and Iraq, at a minimum, secretly defied the treaty and continued research and production of offensive biological weapons, despite being signatories to it.

Considerable research into biological warfare was undertaken throughout the Cold War era ( 1947 – 1991 ) by the U. S., U. K. and U. S. S. R., and probably other major nations as well, although it is generally believed that such weapons were never used.

By 2011, 165 countries had signed the treaty and none are known-though some are still suspected-to possess any biological weapons.

It has been argued that rational people would never use biological weapons offensively.

The argument is that biological weapons cannot be controlled: the weapon could backfire and harm the army on the offensive, perhaps having even worse effects than on the target.

The primary difficulty is not the production of the biological agent, as many biological agents used in weapons can often be manufactured relatively quickly, cheaply and easily.

The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases as well as the treat of alleged use of biological weapons against BTWC States Parties.

It is important to note that all classical and modern biological weapons organisms are animal diseases, the only exception being smallpox.

Thus, in any use of biological weapons, it is highly likely that animals will become ill either simultaneously with, or perhaps earlier than humans.

Indeed, in the largest biological weapons accident known – the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk ( now Yekaterinburg ) in the Soviet Union in 1979, sheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility in the southeastern portion of the city ( known as Compound 19 and still off limits to visitors today, see Sverdlovsk Anthrax leak ).

In some countries private, local, and provincial ( state ) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapons attacks.

The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.

: Main articles: Iraqi biological weapons program and Iraq and weapons of mass destruction ( passim )

Conversely, modern biological sciences ( including even concepts such as molecular ecology ) are intimately entwined and dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry.

In contrast, Biopharmaceuticals are large biological molecules such as proteins that are developed to address targets that cannot easily be addressed by small molecules.

McCulloch and Pitts developed the first variants of what are now known as artificial neural networks, models of computation inspired by the structure of biological neural networks.

Lazarus, seeking to optimize the efficacy of therapy and effect durable treatment using cognitive and behavioral methods, developed a new form of therapy called multimodal therapy, based on CBT, but also including interpersonal relationships, biological factors, physical sensations ( as distinct from emotional states ), and visual images ( as distinct from language-based thinking ).

Mechanical sorting of mixed waste streams combined with anaerobic digestion or in-vessel composting is called mechanical biological treatment, and are increasingly being used in developed countries due to regulations controlling the amount of organic matter allowed in landfills.

Haeckel promoted and popularized Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory (" ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species ' evolutionary development, or phylogeny.

Less than a hundred years later, Aristotle developed an almost " biological ' theory of the development of tragedy in Athens: according to this view, the art form grew under the influence of Aeschylus, matured in the hands of Sophocles then began its precipitous decline with Euripides.

Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous ( for example the chlorine gas used in World War I ) or particulate ( such as many biological agents developed for weapons such as bacteria, viruses and toxins ).

Other theories hold that human rights codify moral behavior which is a human social product developed by a process of biological and social evolution ( associated with Hume ).

The self-cleaning property of superhydrophobic micro-nanostructured surfaces was reported in 1977, and perfluoroalkyl and perfluoropolyether superhydrophobic materials were developed in 1986 for handling chemical and biological fluids.

After studying the operation of the Earth's sulfur cycle, Lovelock and his colleagues developed the CLAW hypothesis as a possible example of biological control of the Earth's climate.

He developed this conception further in several books, The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception ( 1886 ) and Goethe's Conception of the World ( 1897 ), particularly emphasizing the transformation in Goethe's approach from the physical sciences, where experiment played the primary role, to plant biology, where imagination was required to find the biological archetypes ( Urpflanze ), and postulated that Goethe had sought but been unable to fully find the further transformation in scientific thinking necessary to properly interpret and understand the animal kingdom.

Conventional SEM requires samples to be imaged under vacuum, but methods have been developed that allow imaging biological samples.

However, he later developed his theory of evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, which offers an alternate explanation of biological order.

A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism or biology as ideology ( something that has been termed " biologism ").

Domestic guinea pigs have developed a different biological rhythm from their wild counterparts, and have longer periods of activity followed by short periods of sleep in between.

In 1972 Sankoff in a biological context developed a model of genetic divergence of populations.

* Nobel Peace Prize laureate and environmental activist Wangari Maathai was asked by a Time magazine interviewer if she stood by a previous alleged claim that " AIDS is a biological weapon manufactured by the developed world to wipe out the black race ".

However, efficient methods of biological control by insect pests of these weeds have been developed ; the knapweeds can also exploited to their detriment by targeted grazing.

Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be undertaken, and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions.

The word biomechanics developed during the early 1970s, describing the application of engineering mechanics to biological and medical systems.

As well as developing the technology of electron microscopy while at Siemens, Ruska also worked at other scientific institutions, and encouraged Siemens to set up a laboratory for visiting researchers, which was initially headed by Ruska's brother Helmut, a medical doctor who developed the use of the electron microscope for medical and biological applications.

The USDA developed this biological control and it is commercially available in powder form for application to lawn areas.

In modern developed countries, puberty and therefore biological adulthood generally begins around 10 or 11 years of age for girls and 12 or 13 years of age for boys, though this will vary from person to person.