According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier, one critical novelty in human society, in contrast to humanity's closest biological relatives ( chimpanzees and bonobo ), is the parental role assumed by the males, which supposedly would be absent in our nearest relatives for whom paternity is not generally determinable.

* Pan ( genus ), a genus of apes composed of the common chimpanzee and the bonobo

* Ernst Schwarz ( 1889 – 1962 ), German zoologist who named the bonobo

Kanzi ( born October 28, 1980 ), also known by the lexigram 20px, is a male bonobo who has been featured in several studies on great ape language.

It moves by knuckle-walking ( like the common chimpanzee, but unlike the bonobo and both orangutan species ), supporting its weight on the backs of its curved fingers rather than its palms.

Nyota ( pronounced en-yota ) ( born 1998 ), also known by the lexigram 20px, is a bonobo.

Hominini currently comprises the extant species Homo sapiens ( the only living member of the genus Homo ), bonobo ( genus Pan ), and chimpanzee ( genus Pan ); their ancestors ; and the extinct lineages of their common ancestor.

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Colloquially, the common chimpanzee is often called the chimpanzee ( or " chimp "), though technically this term refers to both species in the genus Pan: the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo, formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee.

Although the name " chimpanzee " is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood as referring to the common chimpanzee, while Pan paniscus is usually referred to as the bonobo.

Scientists such as Jared Diamond in The Third Chimpanzee, and Morris Goodman of Wayne State University in Detroit suggest that the bonobo and common chimpanzee are so closely related to humans that their genus name also should be classified with the human genus Homo: Homo paniscus, Homo sylvestris, or Homo arboreus.

German anatomist Ernst Schwarz is credited with having discovered the bonobo in 1928, based on his analysis of a skull in the Tervuren museum in Belgium that previously had been thought to have belonged to a juvenile chimpanzee.

The bonobo, Kanzi, who learned to speak using a keyboard with lexigrams, picked up some sign language from watching videos of Koko ; Kanzi's researcher, Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, did not realize he could sign until Kanzi began signing to anthropologist Dawn Prince-Hughes, who had previously worked closely with gorillas.

Despite the alternative common name " pygmy chimpanzee ", the bonobo is not especially diminutive when compared to the common chimpanzee.

The name " bonobo " first appeared in 1954, when Tratz and Heck proposed it as a new and separate generic term for pygmy chimpanzees.

DNA evidence suggests the bonobo and common chimpanzee species separated from each other less than one million years ago ( similar in relation between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals ).

The common chimpanzee is a ' knuckle walker ', like the gorilla and the bonobo, in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of the orangutan, a ' palm walker ' that uses the outside edge of its palms.

The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of a human, from 95 – 99 % depending on what is counted, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the bonobo and common chimpanzee.

Another species of chimpanzee, the bonobo, has also been observed to engage in group hunting, but eats a mostly frugivorous diet.

The Congo's formation may have led to the allopatric speciation of the bonobo and the common chimpanzee from their most recent common ancestor.

This is a factor in the lower levels of aggression seen in the bonobo when compared to the common chimpanzee and other apes.

Along with the common chimpanzee, the bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans.

After a previous initial analysis by the National Human Genome Research Institute confirmed that the bonobo genome is about 0. 4 % divergent from the chimpanzee genome.

Initial genetic studies characterised the DNA of chimpanzees ( common chimpanzee and bonobo, collectively ) as being as much as 98 % ( 99. 4 % in one study ) identical to that of Homo sapiens.

While many of these analyses have been performed on the common chimpanzee rather than the bonobo, the differences between the two chimpanzee species are unlikely to be substantial enough to affect the Pan-Homo comparative data significantly.

DNA evidence suggests the bonobo and common chimpanzee species effectively separated from each other fewer than one million years ago.

It is considered more robust than the bonobo, weighing between and measuring approximately from head to tail.

The bonobo is endemic to the humid forests in the region, as are other iconic species like the Allen's swamp monkey, dryas monkey, aquatic genet, okapi and Congo Peafowl.

The bonobo is found in a area of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa.

The bonobo is popularly known for its high levels of sexual behavior.

A first official publication of sequencing and assembly of the bonobo genome is publicly available as of June 2012 deposited with the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration ( DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank ) under the EMBL accession number AJFE01000000.

In addition, Svante Pääbo's group at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology is currently sequencing the genome of a female bonobo from the Leipzig zoo.

The lifespan of a bonobo in captivity is about 40 years.

In comparison, the smallest " great ape " is the bonobo at.

Major studies of behaviour in the field were completed on the three better-known " great apes ", for example by Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas ( field work on gibbons and the bonobo is still relatively underdeveloped ).

It was a great surprise to researchers then when one day, while Matata was away, Kanzi began competently using the lexigrams, becoming not only the first observed ape to have learned aspects of language naturalistically rather than through direct training, but also the first observed bonobo to appear to use some elements of language at all.

An adult human had 82, 855 such cells, a gorilla had 16, 710, a bonobo had 2, 159, and a chimpanzee had a mere 1, 808despite the fact that chimpanzees and bonobos are great apes most closely related to humans.

The popular image of the bonobo as a peaceful ape does not always apply to captive populations.

The bonobo also has highly individuated facial features, as humans do, so that one individual may look significantly different from another, a characteristic adapted for visual facial recognition in social interaction.

Anything that arouses the interest of more than one bonobo at a time, not just food, tends to result in sexual contact.

Because the two species are not proficient swimmers, the formation of the Congo River 1. 5 – 2 million years ago possibly led to the speciation of the bonobo.

Roughly 60 % of all bonobo sexual activity occurs between two or more females.