The epistates ( ἐπιστάτης ), an official selected by lot for a single day from among the currently presiding prytany, chaired that day's meeting of the boule and, if there was one, that day's meeting of the assembly ; he also held the keys to the treasury and the seal to the city, and welcomed foreign ambassadors.

Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also directest in the sense that the people through the assembly, boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business.

: To throw one's boule with the intent of stopping near the jack ( also known as placing ).

The Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also in the sense that the people through the assembly, boule and law courts controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business.

Under the reforms of Cleisthenes enacted in 508 / 7 BC, the boule was expanded to 500 men, 50 men from each of the ten new tribes, also created by Cleisthenes.

The region of Avesnes-Sur-Helpe is best known for its distinctive cheeses: the Maroilles and also the " boule d ' Avesnes " ( a local cone-shaped red cheese that is coated in paprika ).

During meetings of the ecclesia or boule, the current foreman also chaired these meetings.

This Francization of the English name is also a contraction of the words " boule " ( ball ) and " dogue " ( mastiff or molosser ).

Overall, the Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also directest in the sense that the people through the assembly, boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business.

Originally a council of nobles advising a king, boulai evolved according to the constitution of the city ; in oligarchies boule positions might be hereditary, while in democracies members were typically chosen by lot, and served for one year.

Members of the boule served for one year and no man could serve more than twice in his life.

Because of the rotation of members, it was assumed that the boule was free from the domination of factions of any kind, although there is some evidence that richer citizens served out of proportion to poorer citizens.

The gerousia served the familiar advisory functions of a boule, in addition to trying important criminal cases, supervising laws and customs and perhaps playing some role in foreign wars.

Each tribe's delegation would be an executive of the boule for one-tenth of the year, so that ten groups of prytaneis served each year, a position granted by sortition.

Altogether, the boule was responsible for a great portion of the administration of the state, but was granted relatively little latitude for initiative ; the boule's control over policy was executed in its probouleutic, rather than its executive function ; in the former, it prepared measures for deliberation by the assembly, in the latter, it merely executed the wishes of the assembly.

The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances.

The winning team receives one point for each boule that it has closer to the jack than the best-placed boule of the opposition.

* games where there is a " run up " to the throw ( for example, boule lyonnaise, bocce volo )

* pétanque originally evolved from boule lyonnaise as an adaptation for a player confined to a wheel chair.

* Political life: it revolved around the sovereign Ekklesia ( the assembly of all adult male citizens for deliberation and voting ), the standing boule and other civic or judicial councils, the archons and other officials or magistrates elected either by vote or by lot, clubs, etc., and sometimes punctuated by stasis ( civil strife between parties, factions or socioeconomic classes, e. g. aristocrats, oligarchs, democrats, tyrants, the wealthy, the poor, large or small landowners, etc.

The boule met every day except for festival days and ill-omened days.

At some point in the late fifth century, pay was instituted for those serving in the boule ; this may have been a way to encourage poorer citizens to volunteer, who would otherwise be reluctant to serve.

The boule was considered the cornerstone of the democratic constitution, providing a locus for day to day activities and holding together the many disparate administrative functions of the government.

In ancient Athenian democracy, no citizen could serve on the council of 500, or boule, for two consecutive annual terms, nor for more than two terms in his lifetime, nor be head of the boule more than once.

They ate at public expense in the Tholos, a circular edifice constructed for them next to the boule house.

Silicon boule for the production of wafer ( electronics ) | wafer s

A boule of silicon is the starting material for most of the integrated circuits used today.

These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ), the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people, but running at least on some occasions up to 6000 ).

The main bodies in the Athenian democracy were the assembly, composed of male citizens ; the boule, composed of 500 citizens ; and the law courts, composed of a massive number of juries chosen by lot, with no judges.

Popular recreational sports and activities include brännboll ( popular in schools ), boule, kubb, skiing, swimming, gymnastics, walking, running, cycling, dancing, fishing and hunting.

On the other hand, he discusses the military advantages of democracy at some length, and in listing the business of the boule puts it first ; so it has been argued that he wrote in wartime.

The only exception was the boule or council of 500.

French balle ( but not boule ) is assumed to be of Germanic origin, itself, however.

It is related to bowls, boule and shuffleboard.

It describes this usage as being of unknown origin, but notes the following: " OF boul, boule, bole fraud, deceit, trickery ; mod.

In the South of France it had evolved into jeu provençal or boule lyonnaise, similar to today's pétanque, except that the field was larger and players ran three steps before throwing the ball.

Pétanque in its present form was invented in 1907 in the town of La Ciotat near Marseilles by a French boule lyonnaise player named Jules Lenoir, whose rheumatism prevented him from running before he threw the ball.

In this game red's boule is closest to the jack, followed by blue.

The player who threw the jack then throws their first boule.

Play continues with the team that is not closest to the jack having to continue throwing until they either land a boule closer to the jack than their opponents or run out of boules.

# A boule hitting a boundary is dead and is removed from that end.

# On a court or piste marked with strings a boule is dead if it completely crosses the string.

# The boule can be thrown at any height or even rolled depending on the terrain.

# Boules are thrown underarm, usually with the palm of the hand downwards which allows backspin to be put on the boule giving greater control.

* bear engravings indicating the manufacturer's name and the weight of the boule.

In addition, a boule may bear an engraving of the player's first name or initials.

The diameter of the boule is chosen based on the size of the player's hand.

The weight and hardness of the boule depends on the player's preference and playing style.

In placing, a boule in front of the jack has much higher value than one at the same distance behind the jack, because intentional or accidental pushing of a front boule generally improves its position.