Malevich's assumption that a shifting in the attitudes of the Soviet authorities towards the modernist art movement would take place after the death of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky's fall from power, was proven correct in a couple of years, when the Stalinist regime turned against forms of abstraction, considering them a type of " bourgeois " art, that could not express social realities.

In the opening sequence of Seven Beauties, spoken over World War II archival footage showing the destruction of cities and men, Wertmüller defines the object of her critique — a " particular petty bourgeois social type.

He owed both his success and his failure to the completeness with which he represented the particular type of the thrifty, generally sensible and patriotic, but narrow-minded and frequently egoistic bourgeois.

We are anti-bourgeois because the bourgeois type, while ranking above the proletarian, yet stands inferior to the soldierly-heroic and spiritual-priestly orders.

Per Wahlöö described their goals for the series as to " use the crime novel as a scalpel cutting open the belly of the ideologically pauperized and morally debatable so-called welfare state of the bourgeois type.

* The bourgeois Schröter family represents Freytag's view of the ideal bourgeois type, invested in order, honesty, and solid virtue.

* The only alternatives the bourgeois state has, are either to prohibit exploitation of the natural resource, to modify property rights ( access ) with respect to the resource, or to impose a tax levy of some type on their exploitation-with the aim of ensuring better stewardship of the natural resource.

In Moore's theory, Great Britain gradually attained a stable democratic governance, compared to neighboring countries such as France and Germany, is due to the rapid displacement of peasantry during the enclosure movement which fully transformed Britain into an advanced, industrial society with a strong bourgeois class, which Moore sees as indispensable for a lasting liberal democracy.

" They argued that " genuine freedom and individuality could only exist in a free society " and that in contrast to " misanthropic bourgeois individualism " anarchism was based in " a deep love of freedom, understood as a social product, a deep respect for human rights, a profound celebration of humankind and its potential and a commitment to a form of society where a ' true individuality ' was irrevocably linked to ' the highest communist socieability '"

If there is any way to avoid the emergence of the city-state, not to speak of self-serving bourgeois " cooperatives ," it is through a municipalization of political life that is so complete that politics embraces not only what we call the public sphere but material means of life as well.

Before the Revolution, despite supporting political reform ( including Bolsheviks elected to the Duma, when opportune ), Lenin proposed that capitalism could ultimately only be overthrown with revolution, not with gradual reforms — from within ( Fabianism ) and from without ( social democracy ) — which would fail, because the ruling capitalist social class, who hold economic power ( the means of production ), determine the nature of political power in a bourgeois society.

Although delegates from the Soviet Union and Comintern had attended, the first congress ignored Lenin's advice by refusing to accept a temporary alliance between the communists and the " bourgeois democrats " who also advocated national revolution ; instead they stuck to the orthodox Marxist belief that only the urban proletariat could lead a socialist revolution.

The programme was based on the view that " Socialism cannot mean only liberation of the working people from the domination of exploiting class relations, but must make more provisions for a fuller life of the personality than any bourgeois democracy.

The Soviets organised the first Spartakiad in 1920, a communist alternative to the ' bourgeois ' Olympic Games, and in 1922 the University Olympia was organised in Italy, the forerunner of the World University Games, meant for students only.

Not only did he remove all the trappings of his bourgeois heritage from his studio, but he also set about destroying practically all of his own early work.

Instead, Trotsky argued, only the ' proletariat ' or working class were capable of achieving the tasks of that ' bourgeois ' revolution.

This was the position, contrary to that of " Classical Marxism " which by that time had been further illuminated by active life, shared by Trotsky and Lenin and the Bolsheviks until 1924 when Joseph Stalin, who along with Kamenev in February 1917 had taken the Menshevik position of first the bourgeois revolution, only to be confronted by Lenin and his famous April Thesis on Lenin's return to Russia, after the death of Lenin and seeking to consolidate his growing bureaucratic control of the Bolshevik Party began to put forward the slogan of " Socialism in one country ".

From a new Marxist perspective, Akhmatova's poetry was deemed to represent an introspective " bourgeois aesthetic ", reflecting only trivial " female " preoccupations, not in keeping with these new revolutionary politics of the time.

At the war's end, concealment of the Kremlin's role was considered crucial to neutralize resistance and to make the regimes appear not only autonomous, but also to resemble " bourgeois democracies ".

Trotsky believed that only united fronts could ultimately be progressive, and that popular fronts were useless because they included non-working class bourgeois forces such as liberals.

This resentment was not only directed at bourgeois industrial capitalism, but also at the worker, who was now proclaimed as the backbone of the French economy, stripping the title from the small, independent shopkeeper.

While the democratic petty bourgeois want to bring the revolution to an end as quickly as possible, achieving at most the aims already mentioned, it is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far – not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world – that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers.

Therefore it was argued the future revolution must be led by the proletariat who would not only carry through the tasks of the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution but would commence a struggle to surpass the bourgeois democratic revolution.

For most of the 20th century, academic art was completely obscured, only brought up rarely, and when brought up, done so for the purpose of ridiculing it and the bourgeois society which supported it, laying a groundwork for the importance of modernism.

An illustration of this may be given by Marx's critique of political economy: bourgeois political economy is denounced as concerning itself with only how the capitalism system works day-to-day, but doesn't poses the problem of how capitalism first appeared, what are the conditions of possibility of this appearance of capitalism and, finally, what are the conditions of its dissolving.

Sociologist Max Weber wrote that the state has a " monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force ", or, in Karl Marx's words, the state was only the repressive apparatus of the bourgeois class.

And more and more frequently, German bourgeois scholars, only yesterday specialists in the annihilation of Marxism, are speaking of the ‘ national-German ’ Marx, who, they claim, educated the labour unions, which are so splendidly organised for the purpose of waging a predatory war!

Instead of enjoying his success, he retreats into a quiet indifference, interrupted only to rail mentally against the genteelness of bourgeois society or to donate his new wealth to working-class friends and family.

The Dauphin gained effective control of the realm only after the supposed surrender of the city of Paris under the high bourgeois Étienne Marcel, prevôt des marchands in July 1358.

It is often suggested that Lysenko's success came solely from the desire in the USSR to assert that heredity had only a limited role in human development ; that future generations, living under socialism, would be purged of their ' bourgeois ' or ' fascist ' instincts.

He indeed attacked certain reductionist views of heredity, like eugenics, but only as bourgeois influences on science.

Figures as late as Mozart and Beethoven also participated in the system to some degree ; it was only with the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the 19th century that European culture moved away from its patronage system to the more publicly-supported system of museums, theaters, mass audiences and mass consumption that is familiar in the contemporary world.

Socially necessary work is no longer alienated, and individuals become free to pursue their individual personal interests with time freed from the life-or-death struggle that bourgeois thought poses as a false need for workers to compete for capitalist remuneration ( in money which represents that which they, the worker / producers, as a class, created in the first place ) in order to secure the necessities of life.

The bourgeois is hostile ( often violently ) toward the absolute state, which represents the traditional institutions, aristocrats and cultural symbols.

Instead, he argues that his defense of civil liberties is in the liberal tradition, saying that in the absence of a truly socialist state, bourgeois constitutional democracy must be defended at all costs by the workers ' movement, because it represents a historical achievement and a stepping-stone towards even more advanced social and political models.

Lenin himself later argued: ' The demand for the convocation of a Constituent Assembly was a perfectly legitimate part of the programme of revolutionary Social-Democracy, because in a bourgeois republic the Constituent Assembly represents the highest form of democracy '.

Sharik is seen as " a reincarnation of the repellent proletarian ," and the professor represents a " hyperbolic vision of the bourgeois dream ," according to J. A. E.

Although from a bourgeois family, after his degree in law Lavoisier became wealthy from a company set up to collect taxes for the Crown ; this allowed him to pursue experimental natural science as a hobby.

Moreover, the near-total mechanisation and automation of the industrial production system would allow the ( newly ) dominant bourgeois capitalist social class to exploit the working class to the degree that the value obtained from their labour would diminish the ability of the workers to materially survive.

Although production will be differentiated, by the degree of each worker ’ s abilities ( by what work he and she can do ) the purpose of the communist system of industrial production will be determined by the collective requirements of society, not by the profit-oriented demands of an individualistic bourgeois social class who live at the expense of the greater society.

Thus Schama is simultaneously able to deny the existence of a so-called " bourgeois " revolution, reserve apotheoses for Robespierre, Louis XVI, and the sans-culottes alike, and utilize historical nuance to a degree usually associated with more liberal historians.

There is also disagreement as to the degree to which these ideas were adopted simply as high-minded cover for bourgeois self-interest.

Finally, another difference with the other parties of the left is that OAKKE supports strategically ( since November 1995 and its 2nd Conference ) the participation of Greece in the EU, on the grounds that it is a union of bourgeois states made by consensus and not with violence, that in the main the internal relations are not based on imperialist imposition of the large state to the small one but on the bourgeois democratic consensus of the 27 States, and that through this process the European proletariat is objectively released to a certain degree by the nationalism and the chauvinism of the bourgeoisie of each country.

However, the humble origin of Maceo and the colour of his skin, delayed his raising to the Major General degree, due principally to the racist and class exclusiveness tendencies of several other patriots of an aristocratic or bourgeois origin.