Primo Nebiolo, the Italian president of IAAF since 1981, was the founder of the Golden Gala and had the idea to bring the athletes and the people from the United States and the NATO countries together that were boycotting the Moscow Olympics in 1980 as a result of the Cold War.

Relations with the Tutsi group were strained, reflected in their boycotting of the legislative session due to consider the proposal.

India expressed their resentment by boycotting the post-match presentation ceremony.

Because farm laborers in the United States are not covered by the Wagner Act, the United Farm Workers union has been able to legally use secondary boycotting of grocery store chains as an aid to their strikes against California agribusinesses and to their primary boycotts of California grapes, lettuce and wine.

Alfa reacted to their legal loss by boycotting all normal shareholder activity in Kyivstar, for four years from 2004, effectively blocking the business of annual assemblies, and avoiding the consolidation and ratification of Kyivstar's annual accounts.

On June 14, 2007, Birgeneau joined the Chancellor of Columbia University in condemning Britain's University and College Union for boycotting Israeli academics and academic institutions and insisting that any boycott include their universities.

Apart from shouting ' God is great ' from their rooftops every night, they have started writing Mr Mousavi's name on banknotes, boycotting government banks and goods advertised on state television and turning on all their electrical appliances at the same time to try to overload the electricity grid.

The trio had advocated radical means to get their message across to the British, like boycotting British manufactured goods, burning Western clothes made in the mills of Manchester or Swadeshi and strikes and lockouts of British owned businesses and industrial concerns.

Those opposed ( led by Éamon de Valera ) refused to accept the decision of the constitutionally elected Second Dáil and led their anti-Treaty forces into the Irish Civil War six months later, boycotting the Third Dáil after it had been elected.

To advertisers, the benefits include not angering or annoying users into blocking, defaming or boycotting their products or websites.

When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Lim and many other overseas Chinese in Singapore participated in anti-Japanese activities, such as boycotting of Japanese goods and fund-raising to support their fellow countrymen in resisting the Japanese invaders in China.

The utility of the elections was questioned due to their boycotting by the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) and the Umma Party.

Ultimately, the Australian Olympic Committee decided in a split vote to attend the Games, but some sport federations and athletes were pressured into boycotting the Games of their own volition.

With the U. S. S. R. boycotting the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, the U. S. was able to sweep Brazil in the finals to win the men's gold medal.

While no NOCs ended up boycotting the Games, a multinational Jewish-led boycott of the Games took place, with individual athletes refusing to take part.

It was the nation's first appearance in twelve years at the Summer Games due to its boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

The nation returned to the Olympic Games after boycotting both the 1984 Games and the 1988 Games.

In September 1984 there were violent clashes between the South African security forces and the residents of Sebokeng, who were boycotting rent and service tariffs.

In 1984, the Eastern bloc was, in its turn, boycotting the games, and once more many strong volleyball nations like the USSR, East Germany and Cuba did not participate.

After boycotting the 1984 archery competition, the Soviet team found itself unable to repeat its three medals of eight years earlier despite there being twice as many events.

The United States regained the title in 1984, beating Spain in the final, with the Soviets boycotting this time.

Where good-faith negotiations fail, these constituency-led organizations seek to pressure the decision-makers through a variety of means, including picketing, boycotting, sit-ins, petitioning, and electoral politics.

A law was passed 11 October 2006 by a unanimous vote with only 138 of 275 representatives present, with the remaining representatives boycotting the vote.

* 1976 – The opening of the Summer Olympics in Montreal is marred by 25 African teams boycotting the New Zealand team.

Whilst editor of the paper, Marx and the other revolutionary socialists were regularly harassed by the police, and Marx was brought to trial on several occasions, facing various allegations including insulting the Chief Public Prosecutor, committing a press misdemeanor, and inciting armed rebellion through tax boycotting, although each time he was acquitted.

The festival's chief executive, Richard Moore, compared Loach's tactics to blackmail, stating that " we will not participate in a boycott against the State of Israel, just as we would not contemplate boycotting films from China or other nations involved in difficult long-standing historical disputes .” Australian lawmaker Michael Danby also criticised Loach ’ s tactics stating that “ Israelis and Australians have always had a lot in common, including contempt for the irritating British penchant for claiming cultural superiority.

In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours.

The West responded to the Soviet military actions by boycotting the Moscow Olympics of 1980 and providing clandestine support to the Mujahadeen, including Osama bin Laden, as a means to challenge the Soviet Union.

Caballero, also boycotting the alliance, plotted to overthrow civilian rule and succeeded when Colonel Juan Antonio Ezcurra seized power in 1902.

Also, 16 CUF members were expelled from the Union Parliament after boycotting the legislature to protest the Zanzibar election results.

As one result of that, the 1969 race at Spa and the 1970 race at Nürburgring did not take place due to the drivers boycotting the sites as safety upgrades were not installed as demanded.

These include peaceful protest, refusal of work, squatting, economic sabotage, dumpster diving, graffiti, culture jamming, ecotage, freeganism, boycotting, civil disobedience, hacktivism and subvertising.

ALN commandos committed numerous acts of sabotage in France in August, and the FLN mounted a desperate campaign of terror in Algeria to intimidate Muslims into boycotting the referendum.

Currently the PFLP is boycotting participation in the Executive Committee of the PLO.

The League of Communists of Yugoslavia formed the National Front of Yugoslavia coalition, with opposition members boycotting the first election because it presented only a single government list which could be accepted or rejected, without opponents.

After a caucus meeting, eleven of the seventeen senators elected by the New Progressive Party voted for Rosselló, with the other six boycotting the meeting.

One topical strip had the seagull boycotting Gaston's car after seeing a bird stuck in an oil spill on television.

In this post, he authored the Perpetual Crimes Act ( 1887 ) ( or Coercion Act ) aimed at the prevention of boycotting, intimidation and unlawful assembly in Ireland during the Irish Land War.

; Independent countries: This category has independent countries, which the CIA defines as people " politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory ".

Coalition cabinets are common in countries in which a parliament is proportionally representative, with several organized political parties represented.

A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same nation state or republic, or, less commonly, between two countries created from a formerly united nation state.

In the 1990s, organizations began to spring up in non-western countries, such as Progay Philippines, which was founded in 1993 and organized the first Gay Pride march in Asia on June 26, 1994.

While organized to promote common economic, social, and cultural goals, ASEAN acquired a security dimension after Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1979 ; this aspect of ASEAN expanded with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994, which comprises 22 countries, including the U. S. Indonesia's continued domestic troubles have distracted it from ASEAN matters and consequently lessened its influence within the organization.

The IMU took its first organized steps towards the promotion of mathematics in developing countries in the early 1970s and has, since then supported various activities.

While the military effectiveness of these " Afghan Arabs " was marginal, Azzam's group is said to have organized paramilitary training for more than 20, 000 Muslim recruits, from about 20 countries around the world.

The Fund will aid experienced scientists and technicians from developing countries to participate in deep-sea research organized by international and national institutions.

The IMF was formally organized on December 27, 1945, when the first 29 countries signed its Articles of Agreement.

* In France and some countries organized in the same fashion, the jury and several professional judges sit together to determine guilt first.

After the war, he organized the communist takeover of the countries of Central Europe and Eastern Europe.

The Dutch also work with the U. S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime.

The current Syrian government is – and the former government of Iraq was – led by rival factions of the Ba ’ ath Party, which continues to espouse pan-Arabism and is organized in several other countries.

Reformers hoped that the women's vote, in which New Zealand was a pioneer, would swing the balance, but the women were not as well organized as in other countries.

In many countries, statutes are organized in topical arrangements ( or " codified ") within publications called codes, such as the United States Code.

All of the former Republics are now independent countries, with eleven of them ( all except the Baltic states and Georgia ) being very loosely organized under the heading of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries.

It represents the views of over three million Humanists organized in over 100 national organizations in 30 countries.

According to the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey ceded all its claims to these two countries, which had been organized as League of Nations mandates under the governing responsibility of Britain and France, respectively.

American political parties are more loosely organized than those in other countries.

Crisis cartels have also been organized by governments for various industries or products in different countries in order to fix prices and ration production and distribution in periods of acute shortages.

UNCTAD grew from the view that existing institutions like GATT ( now replaced by the World Trade Organization, WTO ), the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), and World Bank were not properly organized to handle the particular problems of developing countries.

Though at this point Polish – German relations were normalized, soon thereafter Henry II organized a failed assassination attempt on Bolesław I's life and relations between the two countries were severed.