A front disc brake, mounted to the Bicycle fork | fork and hub

An exception to their overall decline is their use in small precision-shaped components where their specific properties are required, such as molded disc brake cylinders, saucepan handles, electrical plugs and switches and parts for electrical irons.

* Brake equipment: Two main types are used: brake shoes that are pressed against the tread of the wheel, and disc brakes and pads.

Turbo charged variants received many different, non-VW sourced parts, throughout the drive train, and when optioned with the m471 disc brake package and forged 16 " wheels, the car was twice as expensive as a standard model.

Most of these employed some type of flywheel-friction disc to control the speed of the rotating cylinder or turntable ; as the speed increased, centrifugal force caused a brake — often a felt pad — to rub against a smooth metal surface, slowing rotation.

Braking is achieved by a disc brake mounted on the rear axle.

Close-up of a disc brake on a car

motorbike disc brake of Kawasaki W800

The disc brake is a wheel brake which slows rotation of the wheel by the friction caused by pushing brake pads against a brake disc with a set of calipers.

To stop the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads, mounted on a device called a brake caliper, is forced mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically against both sides of the disc.

The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham, UK factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars.

As a consequence discs are less prone to the " brake fade "; and disc brakes recover more quickly from immersion ( wet brakes are less effective ).

By contrast, a disc brake has no self-servo effect and its braking force is always proportional to the pressure placed on the brake pad by the braking system via any brake servo, braking pedal or lever, this tends to give the driver better " feel " to avoid impending lockup.

The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars.

When braking force is applied, the act of abrasive friction between the brake pad and the rotor wears both the rotor and pad away.

The " brake dust " that is seen deposited on wheels, calipers and other braking system components consists mostly of rotor material.

Generally brake pad that aggressively abrades more rotor material away, such as metallic pads, will create more brake dust.

* Evaluation / explanation of the disc brake system, pad selection, and rotor " warp.

To stop a Leslie's rotor, a special brake circuit was added to the Leslie motor controls, that incorporated a tube relay, which sent the rotors into chorale before cutting power from the rotors to bring them to a quicker stop.

** disc brake rotor

In 1975 the brakes were improved and the hand brake now worked directly on the primary brake pads instead of on separate pads acting as drum brakes inside the brake rotor.

Disc brakes are much more resistant to brake fade because the heat can be vented away from the rotor and pads more easily, and have come to be a standard feature in front brakes for most vehicles.

In brake systems, the operated devices are cylinders inside of brake calipers and / or drum brakes ; these cylinders may be called wheel cylinders or slave cylinders, and they push the brake pads towards a surface that rotates with the wheel ( this surface is typically either a drum, or a disc, a. k. a. a rotor ) until the stationary brake pad ( s ) create friction against that rotating surface ( typically the rotating surface is metal or ceramic / carbon, for their ability to withstand heat and friction without wearing-down rapidly ).

Trails riders usually run a rear brake only as they have no use for a front brake, and usually a rotor ( gyro ) to make it easier to do barspins, so they do not have to spin the bars back the other way to untangle them, which is hard to do on trails.

Also, uneven torque between the various lug nuts, or excessive torque, can lead to warping of the brake rotor if the car is equipped with disc brakes.

George Westinghouse, Jr ( October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914 ) was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry.

Whittingham won the President's Award, the People's Choice Award and the Best of Show Award at the 2008 North American Handmade Bicycle Show in Portland, Oregon with an ornate fixed-gear bicycle that blended 1890s-style wooden rims and grips with modern hubs and a front disk brake.

American and continental European practice had long favoured compressed air brake systems, the leading pattern being a proprietary Westinghouse system.

In the UK, the brake van performed a function similar to the caboose on North American railroads, being the accommodation for the train crew at the rear of the train, specifically the train guard, hence its alternative name.

The equivalent North American term is caboose, but a British brake van and a caboose are very different in appearance, because the former usually has only four wheels, while the latter usually has bogies.

In the mid 1990s Mavic, known for their wheelsets, introduced an electronic shifting system which was pioneered in the Tour de France by American Greg LeMond and later on by Briton Chris Boardman, who liked the fact that the system allowed him to shift from his aerobars and his brake levers.

He wrote that the association of those two causes had proven " disastrous to American democracy ," removing the last brake on the growth of corporate power, because in the gilded age the federal government had shielded capitalists from local and state regulation.

These same cost-benefit requirements have been used as the basis for Lighting-related lags in American regulations ; for example, virtually every country in the world has since at least the early 1970s required rear turn signals to emit amber light so they can immediately be discerned from adjacent red brake lamps.

In railroad air brake use, this makes the orientation of rolling stock irrelevant, and is used with the standard North American railroad coupler that connects cars together, also genderless.

The base Park Avenue was available in Europe from 1991 to 1996 and varied from the North American version by featuring a truncated taillamps with separate amber turn signal indicators and red brake lamps, wider numberplate bezel, fitment of rear red fog lamps, headlamps with different lens pattern, white front side running markers, amber front turn signal indicators, side turn signal repeaters, " flagpole " external rear-view mirrors ( mirrors on US version are fixed and do not turn ), stronger seat belt and anchors, " softer " air bags, metric speedometer and gauges.

* October 6-George Westinghouse, American inventor ; developed the Westinghouse air brake ( d. 1914 ).

The Bendix Corporation was an American manufacturing and engineering company which during various times in its 60 year existence ( 1924 – 1983 ) made automotive brake shoes and systems, aircraft brakes, aeronautical hydraulics and electric power systems, avionics, aircraft and automobile fuel control systems, radios, televisions and computers.

Girling brakes had the quirk of using natural rubber ( later nitrile ) seals, which caused difficulties for some American owners of British cars because of incompatibility with US brake fluids.

In France almost all station wagon models are called the Break ( note the different spelling from the English shooting brake ).

Many sports cars, especially English makes such as MG and Triumph, as late as the early 1970s were offered with a fly-off handbrake option for competition purposes — the button on the end of the lever has to be pressed before the brake will lock on, which is the reverse of the normal arrangement — allowing for faster and more controlled application in a handbrake turn, and was less liable to be accidentally locked on while doing such a maneuver.

The term " brake ", used for members of this genus, is a Middle English word for " fern " from southern England.

* EP ( English Premium ) brake, an abbreviation for the electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains