Mark Nelson, frustrated over many cranks trying to claim having invented a magic compression algorithm appearing in comp. compression, has constructed a 415, 241 byte binary file () of highly entropic content, and issued a public challenge of $ 100 to anyone to write a program that, together with its input, would be smaller than his provided binary data yet be able to reconstitute (" decompress ") it without error.

MPLS recognizes that small ATM cells are not needed in the core of modern networks, since modern optical networks () are so fast ( at 40 Gbit / s and beyond ) that even full-length 1500 byte packets do not incur significant real-time queuing delays ( the need to reduce such delays — e. g., to support voice traffic — was the motivation for the cell nature of ATM ).

In UTF-16, a BOM () may be placed as the first character of a file or character stream to indicate the endianness ( byte order ) of all the 16-bit code units of the file or stream.

Adding seven to the program counter showed that if this constant was executed, it would branch the Unix exec () service over the executable image eight byte header and start the program.

## < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt >— each byte of the state is combined with the round key using bitwise xor

## < tt > SubBytes </ tt >— a non-linear substitution step where each byte is replaced with another according to a lookup table.

In the < tt > SubBytes </ tt > step, each byte in the state is replaced with its entry in a fixed 8-bit lookup table, S ; b < sub > ij </ sub > = S ( a < sub > ij </ sub >).

In the < tt > SubBytes </ tt > step, each byte in the state matrix is replaced with a < tt > SubByte </ tt > using an 8-bit substitution box, the Rijndael S-box.

The number of places each byte is shifted differs for each row.

Each byte of the second row is shifted one to the left.

For a 256-bit block, the first row is unchanged and the shifting for the second, third and fourth row is 1 byte, 3 bytes and 4 bytes respectively — this change only applies for the Rijndael cipher when used with a 256-bit block, as AES does not use 256-bit blocks.

In the < tt > AddRoundKey </ tt > step, each byte of the state is combined with a byte of the round subkey using the Exclusive or | XOR operation (⊕).

The subkey is added by combining each byte of the state with the corresponding byte of the subkey using bitwise XOR.

Historically, a byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the basic addressable element in many computer architectures.

The de facto standard of eight bits is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte.

The unit symbol for the byte is specified in IEC80000-13, IEEE 1541 and the Metric Interchange Format as the upper-case character B.

It is used primarily in its decadic fraction, the decibel ( dB ), for signal strength and sound pressure level measurements, while a unit for one tenth of a byte, i. e. the decibyte, is never used.

The byte is also defined as a data type in certain programming languages.

In data transmission systems a byte is defined as a contiguous sequence of binary bits in a serial data stream, such as in modem or satellite communications, which is the smallest meaningful unit of data.

The secret key is then, byte by byte, cycling the key if necessary, XORed with all the P-entries in order.

In computing, a binary prefix is a specifier or mnemonic that is prepended to the units of digital information, the bit and the byte, to indicate multiplication by a power of 1024.

Considerable confusion exists about the meanings of the SI ( or metric ) prefixes used with the unit byte, especially concerning prefixes such as kilo ( k or K ) and mega ( M ) as shown in the chart Prefixes for bit and byte.

The C and C ++ programming languages, for example, define byte as an " addressable unit of data storage large enough to hold any member of the basic character set of the execution environment " ( clause 3. 6 of the C standard ).

The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits.

Due to inherently compact and semantically rich instructions, the average amount of work performed per machine code unit ( i. e. per byte or bit ) is higher for a CISC than a RISC processor, which may give it a significant advantage in a modern cache based implementation.

The gigabyte ( or ) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage.

The kilobyte ( symbol: kB ) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.

However, a second definition and usage has historically been in practice in many fields of computer science and information technology, which defines the prefix kilo when used with byte or bit units of data as 1024 ( 2 < sup > 10 </ sup >); this is due to the mathematical coincidence that Thus, in these fields 1 kilobyte is equal to 1 kibibyte, a new unit standardized as part of the binary prefixes to resolve the ambiguity.

The International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) therefore recommends the symbol bit instead of b. The prefix kilo is often used in fields of computer science and information technology with a meaning of multiplication by 1024 instead of 1000, contrary to international standards, in conjunction with the base unit byte and bit, in which case it is often written with a capital letter K, e. g., Kbit and KB.

The megabyte ( abbreviated as Mbyte or MB ) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage or transmission with three different values depending on context: bytes ( 2 < sup > 20 </ sup >) generally for computer memory ;< ref name =" AHSD ">

The byte instructions use a special format of indirect word to extract and store arbitrary-sized bit fields, possibly advancing a pointer to the next unit.

Attempting to access a unit larger than a byte at an unaligned address can cause a bus error.

The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte digital information.

The mebibyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.

The gibibyte is a standards-based binary multiple ( prefix gibi, symbol Gi ) of the byte, a unit of digital information storage.

The tebibyte is a standards-based binary multiple ( prefix tebi, symbol Ti ) of the byte, a unit of digital information storage.

The exbibyte is a standards-based binary multiple ( prefix exbi, symbol Ei ) of the byte, a unit of digital information storage.

The kibibyte is a multiple of the unit byte for quantities of digital information.

Examples of logarithmic units include common units of information and entropy, such as the bit and the byte 8 =, also the nat and the ban ; units of relative signal strength magnitude such as the decibel 0. 1 and bel, neper, and other logarithmic-scale units such as the Richter scale point or ( more generally ) the corresponding order-of-magnitude unit sometimes referred to as a factor of ten or decade ( here meaning, not 10 years ).

* Cycles per byte, a unit of measurement related to microprocessors

* Mebibyte ( MiB ), is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information