In 1453 when the last vestige of ancient Roman power fell to the Turks, the city officially shifted religions -- although the Patriarch, or Pope, of the Orthodox Church continued to live there, and still does -- and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

Kyoto is the ancient capital of Japan and still its cultural center.

It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur ( Akkadian: ; Aramaic: ; Hebrew: ; Arabic: ).

* Abila Lysaniou, capital of ancient Abilene, northwest of Damascus, Syria

Nineveh — where Jonah preached — was the capital of the ancient Assyrian empire, which fell to the Medes in 612 BC.

The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia of the Hellenistic civilization, Pataliputra ( now Patna ) in India, Chang ' an ( now Xi ' an ) in China, Carthage, ancient Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople ( later Istanbul ).

The oldest sites documented thus far are from around 500 AD including Awdaghust, Kumbi-Saleh the ancient capital of Ghana, and Maranda a center located on a trade rout between Egypt and Gao.

It was founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named.

Constructed by Gaulish sailors probably in 14 CE, it was discovered in 1710 within the foundations of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, site of ancient Lutetia, the civitas capital of the Celtic Parisii.

Under Fakhr-al-Dīn II ( Fakhreddin II ), the Druze dominion increased until it included almost all Syria, extending from the edge of the Antioch plain in the north to Safad in the south, with a part of the Syrian desert dominated by Fakhr-al-Din's castle at Tadmur ( Palmyra ), the ancient capital of Zenobia.

The concept of diplomatic immunity can be found in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana ( between 500 and 301 BC ) and Mahabharata ( around 4th century BC ) where messengers and diplomats were given immunity from capital punishment.

*, one of numbered east-west streets in the ancient capital of Heian-kyō, present-day Kyoto

*, one of numbered east-west streets in the ancient capital of Heian-kyō, present-day Kyoto

*, one of numbered east-west streets in the ancient capital of Heijō-kyō, present-day Nara

There is reference on a Greek papyrus from 163 BCE to the procedure being conducted on girls in Memphis, the ancient Egyptian capital, and Strabo ( c. 64 BCE – c. 23 CE ), the Greek geographer, reported it when he visited Egypt in 25 BCE.

Gandhara is the name of an ancient Hindu kingdom from the Vedic period and its capital city located between the Hindukush and Sulaiman Mountains ( mountains of Solomon ), although Kandahar in modern times and the ancient Gandhara are not geographically identical.

It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur ( Akkadian: ; Aramaic: ; Hebrew: ; Arabic: ).

From Mount Emei in Sichuan, a Daoist hermit, a nun known as a " numinous old woman " and " holy physician "— who Temple says was associated with the ' school of the ancient immortals ' and thus most likely specialized in ' internal alchemy '— introduced the technique of inoculation to the capital.

Rishabhnath, the first Tirthankar, was revered and worshipped in the ancient city Pithunda, capital of Kalinga.

* Memphis, Egypt – Administrative capital of ancient Egypt.

* Daorson-the capital of ancient Hellenic community in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.

At the time of the fall of the ancient Siam capital of Ayutthaya in 1767, the invading Burmese troops rounded up thousands of Thais and took them to Burma as prisoners.

The capital of the largely populated Lupaqa Kingdom was the city of Chucuito ( See also John Murra study of this Aymara Kingdom ), located on the shore of Lake Titicaca.

The present urban center of the Aymara region is El Alto, a 750, 000-person city near the Bolivian capital La Paz.

Juliaca ( Spanish: Juliaca, Quechua: Hullaqa, Aymara: Hullaqa ) is San Roman's capital city in the Puno Region, of southeastern Peru.

John Jay Parry, the editor of De Amore, quotes critic Robert Bossuat as describing " De Amore " as " one of those capital works which reflect the thought of a great epoch, which explains the secret of a civilization ".

The golden age of Khmer civilization, however, was the period from the 9th to the 13th centuries, when Khmer Empire, which gave Kampuchea, or Cambodia, its name, ruled large territories from its capital in the region of Angkor in western Cambodia.

The Inca civilization expansion northward from modern-day Peru during the late 15th century met with fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian tribes, particularly the Cañari, in the region around modern-day Cuenca ; the Cara in the Sierra north of Quito along with the Quitu, occupants of the site of the modern capital, with whom they had formed the Kingdom of Quito.

It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization.

Mesopotamia is generally considered to be the location of the earliest civilization or complex society, meaning that it contained cities, full-time division of labor, social concentration of wealth into capital, unequal distribution of wealth, ruling classes, community ties based on residency rather than kinship, long distance trade, monumental architecture, standardized forms of art and culture, writing, and mathematics and science.

Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec civilization, consisting of the Mexica people, founded in 1325.

* Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec civilization, is founded.

* A revolt occurs in the Yucatán capital Mayapan ; the Maya civilization splits into warring city-states.

The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang ' an ( present-day Xi ' an ), which at the time was the most populous city in the world, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization — equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty — a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.

Phoenix, the capital of Arizona, was so named as it was built on the ruins of the Hohokam civilization that had existed on the site centuries before.

Holding their capital at the great puma-shaped city of Cuzco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533.

Knowledge of Hurrian culture relies on archaeological excavations at sites such as Nuzi and Alalakh as well as on cuneiform tablets, primarily from Hattusa ( Boghazköy ), the capital of the Hittites, whose civilization was greatly influenced by the Hurrians.

From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco.

Except for 5 years ( 740 – 745 ), when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kammu established a new capital, Nagaoka-kyō, in 784 before moving to Heian-kyō, or Kyoto, a decade later in 794.

Important to Italian tradition are Byzantine icons, especially those created in Constantinople ( Istanbul ), the capital of the longest, enduring medieval civilization whose icons participated in civic life and were celebrated for their miraculous properties.

* Halcyon, the fictional capital city of the Thran civilization in the Magic: The Gathering universe

The naming of the bar also recalls the destruction of the Aztec civilization whose ruined capital has been supplanted by modern Mexico City.

Eventually we “ become an inheritor of the funded capital of civilization ”.

The levels of corruption and waste are dependent on the system of government of a civilization and the distance the city is away from the civilization's capital city.

He was the first to note explicitly the necessity for a well-educated bourgeois or middle class that would carry forward the instructional capital of the civilization, independent of the rulers and aristocracy, and hold it to account by criticism and shame, to prevent the worst abuses of power, which in turn would cause rulers to lose support-this in turn causing civil strife and revolutions.

The Inca Empire of Tawantinsuyu, with its capital at Cusco, spanned the entire Andes Mountain Range, making it the most extensive Pre-Columbian civilization.