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Page "Carbon (fiber)" ¶ 21
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carbon and can
Blowing can be either one of two types -- carbon dioxide gas generated by the reaction of water on the polyisocyanate or mechanical blowing through the use of a low-boiling liquid such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon.
There is no limit to the number of carbon atoms that can be linked together, the only limitation being that the molecule is acyclic, is saturated, and is a hydrocarbon.
As the blooms die and sink, the carbon can be stored in sediments for thousands of years.
In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings ( in which case they are called alicyclic ).
Besides hydrogen, other elements can be bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine.
The fossils of the Burgess Shale are preserved as black carbon films on black shales, and so are difficult to photograph ; however, various photographic techniques can improve the quality of the images that can be acquired.
A reducing end of a carbohydrate is a carbon atom that can be in equilibrium with the open-chain aldehyde or keto form.
Biopolymers can be sustainable, carbon neutral and are always renewable, because they are made from plant materials which can be grown year on year indefinitely.
In addition, biopolymers have the potential to cut carbon emissions and reduce CO < sub > 2 </ sub > quantities in the atmosphere: this is because the CO < sub > 2 </ sub > released when they degrade can be reabsorbed by crops grown to replace them: this makes them close to carbon neutral.
Through photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that in large amounts can affect global climate.
It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel.
Worker at carbon black plant in Sunray, Texas ( photo by John Vachon, 1942 ) Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled and even ingested safely in the form of graphite or charcoal.
However, inhalation of coal dust or soot ( carbon black ) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease coalworker's pneumoconiosis.
Carbon generally has low toxicity to almost all life on Earth ; however, to some creatures it can still be toxic – for instance, carbon nanoparticles are a deadly toxins to Drosophila.
Depositing a high density of graphene foliates along the length of aligned CNTs can significantly increase the total charge capacity per unit of nominal area as compared to other carbon nanostructures.
Partially oxidized compounds are also a concern ; partial oxidation of ethanol can produce harmful acetaldehyde, and carbon can produce toxic carbon monoxide.
All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus, but they can have either 6, 7, or 8 neutrons.
For example, carbon can be found as diamond, which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom ; graphite, which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other ; graphene, which is a single layer of graphite that is incredibly strong ; fullerenes, which have nearly spherical shapes ; and carbon nanotubes, which are tubes with a hexagonal structure ( even these may differ from each other in electrical properties ).

carbon and become
When rapidly cooled, a diffusionless ( martensite ) transformation occurs, in which the carbon atoms become trapped in solution.
It is predicted that abalones will become extinct in the wild within 200 years at current rates of carbon dioxide production.
" With total world emissions from fossil fuels growing rapidly, the proportion of fossil-fuel emissions absorbed by the oceans since 2000 may have declined by as much as 10 %, indicating that over time the ocean will become " a less efficient sink of manmade carbon.
The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle.
Since carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, and poses a potentially fatal threat, detectors have become commercially available to warn of dangerous levels in residences.
Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet.
To become steel, it must be melted and reprocessed to reduce the carbon to the correct amount, at which point other elements can be added.
Also, in earlier model Wankel engines carbon particles could become trapped between the seal and the casing, jamming the engine and requiring a partial rebuild.
White dwarfs are thought to be the final evolutionary state of all stars whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star — over 97 % of the stars in our galaxy .< sup >, § 1 .</ sup > After the hydrogen – fusing lifetime of a main-sequence star of low or medium mass ends, it will expand to a red giant which fuses helium to carbon and oxygen in its core by the triple-alpha process.
Submarine springs found along the coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula produce water with a naturally low pH ( a measure of acidity ) providing conditions similar to those expected to become widespread as the oceans absorb carbon dioxide.
Technological visionaries such as Eric Drexler and Ralph Merkle, both of whom receive an honorary mention in The Diamond Age, have argued that if nanotechnology develops the ability to manipulate individual atoms at will, it will become possible to simply assemble diamond structures from carbon atoms, materials also known as diamondoids.
The American company Kestrel USA pioneered the use of carbon fibre monocoques in bike frame manufacture in the 1980s, and since then the technique has become increasingly widely used.
The formation of the hemiacetal causes carbon number 1, which is symmetric in the open-chain form, to become asymmetric in the cyclic version.
Markovnikov's rule states that in this reaction, the halogen is more likely to become attached to the more substituted carbon.
SNCF is a recognized leader in eco-mobility with a commitment to become the world ’ s first operator to offer carbon neutral travel at no extra cost to travellers.
However, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that road bicycle companies started to manufacture mountain bicycles using high-tech lightweight materials, such as M4 aluminium, although in recent years, titanium, hydroformed aluminium, and carbon fiber frames have become more common but can be very expensive.
Recently full suspension designs have become more prevalent, and the use of advanced carbon fiber composites has allowed bike designers to produce full suspension designs under 10 kg.
Since the EGR system recirculates a portion of exhaust gases, over time the valve can become clogged with carbon deposits that prevent it from operating properly.
In addition, the college declared a goal in September 2009 to become carbon neutral by 2025 and Zero-Waste by 2020.
Early carbon dating has tended to underestimate the age of samples and as radio carbon dating techniques have developed and become more and more accurate so the age of the Red Lady of Paviland has gradually been pushed back.
When using Biogas, NGVs become carbon neutral vehicles that run on animal waste.
' cook ' and become kerogen or short (< 17 C atoms ) aliphatic / aromatic carbon molecules.

carbon and further
further reported on similar structures formed on carbon fiber paper, also for use in supercapacitor applications.
In turn, zinc hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to yield a thin, impermeable, tenacious and quite insoluble dull gray layer of zinc carbonate which adheres extremely well to the underlying zinc, so protecting it from further corrosion.
To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject carbon dioxide into their environment to help growth ( enrichment ), add lights to lengthen the day, or control vegetative growth, etc.
The left is however divided over how to effectively and equitably reduce carbon emissions-the center-left often advocates a reliance on market measures such as emissions trading or a carbon tax, whilst those further to the left tend to support direct government regulation and intervention either alongside or instead of market mechanisms.
In 2003, the European Union members created an emission trading scheme, and in 2007 they assembled a climate and energy package to reduce further their carbon emission and improve their energy-efficiency.
In the sequel, Broadhead uses the money to fund further discoveries involving Heechee technology, locating a Heechee food factory that is capable of turning raw carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen ( CHON ) from comets into edible food for an overpopulated Earth.
The carbon fibers may be further treated to improve handling qualities, then wound on to bobbins.
The latest developments involve the use of carbon nanotubes to improve toughness even further.
The reject gas can be further processed on a pressure swing adsorption system to remove hydrogen, and the hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be recombined in the proper ratio for catalytic methanol production, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, etc.
The solid residue ( char ) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon.
Many household water filters and fish tanks use activated carbon filters to further purify the water.
When exposed to the atmosphere, the pure zinc ( Zn ) reacts with oxygen ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >) to form zinc oxide ( ZnO ), which further reacts with carbon dioxide ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub >) to form zinc carbonate ( ZnCO < sub > 3 </ sub >), a usually dull grey, fairly strong material that stops further corrosion in many circumstances, protecting the steel below from the elements.
Lightweight materials, such as aluminum, plastic, carbon fiber, and / or hollow components can provide further weight reductions at the expense of greater cost and / or fragility.
Mild abrasive cleaning pads, combined with soapy water, will further remove grease and carbon deposits.
Hydrolysis of cellulose results in sugars which are further fermentated to acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, carbon dioxide and methane.
* ADD, automatic dropping device, equipment of rail vehicle pantograph preventing further damage to vehicle or infrastructure by automatically lowering the pantograph in case of damage to carbon strip
Weight was reduced significantly with the aid of further carbon fibre usage including lightweight vented bonnet and Recaro seats to reduce weight to just 1218 kg ( from 1310 kg ).
In essence, a limited amount of oxygen or air is introduced into the reactor to allow some of the organic material to be " burned " to produce carbon monoxide and energy, which drives a second reaction that converts further organic material to hydrogen and additional carbon dioxide.
This was ultimately explained by accounting for the fact that when the bainitic ferrite formed the supersaturated carbon would be expelled to the surrounding austenite thus thermodynamically stabilising it against further transformation.
However, if this is done without removing the carbon dioxide, it will rapidly build up in the recycled gas, resulting almost immediately in mild respiratory distress, and rapidly developing into further stages of hypercapnia, or carbon dioxide toxicity.

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