Related to the argument from morality is the argument from conscience, associated with eighteenth-century bishop Joseph Butler and nineteenth-century cardinal John Henry Newman.

In Rome he submitted to Martin V who made him cardinal bishop of Tusculum.

Under modern canon law, a man who is appointed a cardinal must accept ordination as a bishop, unless he already is one, or seek special permission from the pope to decline such ordination.

A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually an ordained bishop, and ecclesiastical prince of the Catholic Church.

Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by Papal appointment.

A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia ( episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring ).

Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.

The influence of the grateful new queen being actively exerted on Alberoni's behalf — the princesse des Ursins having been chased out — within not much more than a year Alberoni was made a duke and grandee of Spain, a member of the king's council, appointed bishop of Málaga, and in 1715 prime minister, and was made cardinal by Pope Clement XI, under pressure from the court of Spain, in July 1717.

The recipients of these letters included Philippe de Cabassoles, bishop of Cavaillon ; Ildebrandino Conti, bishop of Padua ; Cola di Rienzo, tribune of Rome ; Francesco Nelli, priest of the Prior of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Florence ; and Niccolò di Capoccia, a cardinal and priest of Saint Vitalis.

His successor, Pope Paschal II, made Lamberto a Canon of the Lateran before elevating him to the position of cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1117.

In 1238 he was made cardinal bishop of Sabina.

* Bonaventure, Franciscan theologian, bishop, and cardinal

* November 20 – Thomas Langley, cardinal bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England ( b. 1363 )

** Thomas Langley, cardinal bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England

Under Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary ( 1490 – 1516 ) he became successively bishop of Eger, the richest of the Hungarian sees, archbishop of Esztergom ( 1497 ), cardinal ( 1500 ), and titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople ( 1510 ).

The pallium was formerly conferred in Rome by a cardinal deacon, and outside of Rome by a bishop ; in both cases the ceremony took place after the celebration of Mass and the administration of an oath.

He soon became cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian see of Frascati.

Titles in the Bajoran religion include a " Prylar " ( roughly equivalent to a Christian monk ), " Ranjen " ( a rank falling between Prylars and the next rank, and responsible for a variety of tasks ), " Mylar " ( priest or minister, mentioned in " Ties of Blood and Water "), " Vedek " ( cardinal, bishop ) and " Kai " ( equivalent to the pope in Roman Catholic theology or Patriarch in the Eastern Orthodox theology ).

Jean du Bellay ( c. 1493 – 16 February 1560 ) was a French cardinal and diplomat, younger brother of Guillaume du Bellay, and bishop of Bayonne in 1526, member of the privy council in 1530, and bishop of Paris in 1532.

In the exercise of these functions Joachim quarrelled with Eustache du Bellay, bishop of Paris, who prejudiced his relations with the cardinal, less cordial since the publication of the outspoken Regrets.

* Aymery of Châlus ( died October 31, 1349 in Avignon ), canon of the chapter of Limoges Cathedral in 1314, archbishop of Ravenna in 1322, then bishop of Chartres in 1332, cardinal in 1342, named legate in Lombardy in 1342, then in Romagne, Corsica, Sardinia, then in Sicily where he steered 2-year-old in the name of the pope, was born in Châlus.

* Alessandro Farnese ( cardinal ) ( 1520 – 1589 ), Paul's grandson, Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal-nephew

His rise was rapid: in 1257, he was appointed Bishop of Le Puy ; in 1259, he was appointed Archbishop of Narbonne ; and in December 1261, he became the first cardinal created by Pope Urban IV, for the See of Sabina.

When Alexander returned to the papacy in 1165, he named Galdino cardinal of Santa Sabina, and the year later made him archbishop of Milan.

The Providence Daily Journal answered the Daily Post by stating that the raid of John Brown was characteristic of Democratic acts of violence and that `` He was acting in direct opposition to the Republican Party, who proclaim as one of their cardinal principles that they do not interfere with slavery in the states ''.

Though the reference to race was stricken by the association in 1950, being an agent of such `` detrimental '' influences still appears as the cardinal sin realtors see themselves committed to avoid.

At the feeding station, the raffish group of cowbirds again bobbed and gobbled over the ground, but now, gorgeous among them, was a beautiful red cardinal, radiant in its feathered vestments.

He cited his concerns about it when he was a cardinal.

The last Lord of Abensberg, Nicholas, supposedly named after his godfather, Nicholas of Kues, a Catholic cardinal, was murdered in 1485 by Christopher, a Duke of Bavaria-Munich.

Up until the 18th century, amethyst was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones ( along with diamond, sapphire, ruby, and emerald ).

In time Étienne was back in good graces with the cardinal, and in 1639 had been appointed the king's commissioner of taxes in the city of Rouen — a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos.

The Roman Breviary has undergone several revisions: The most remarkable of these is that by Francis Quignonez, cardinal of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ( 1536 ), which, though not accepted by Rome ( it was approved by Clement VII and Paul III, and permitted as a substitute for the unrevised Breviary, until Pius V in 1568 excluded it as too short and too modern, and issued a reformed edition ( Breviarium Pianum, Pian Breviary ) of the old Breviary ), formed the model for the still more thorough reform made in 1549 by the Church of England, whose daily morning and evening services are but a condensation and simplification of the Breviary offices.

He was made rector of the Roman College in 1592, examiner of bishops in 1598, and cardinal in 1599.

Richelieu was so successful that his successor, Jules Mazarin, was also a cardinal.

While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly.

Until 1917 it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal ( see " lay cardinals ", below ), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons.

For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.

In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and in 1962, John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be bishops.

When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest.

* The fourth cardinal was created in 2003.

However, he was made a cardinal at the 24 March 2006 consistory anyway, as was announced by Pope Benedict XVI on 22 February 2006.