The term " black-letter law " is also used commonly in the American legal system to mean well-established case law.

The deity was represented by a statue ( or in the case of Shiva, most commonly by a linga ).

In this case, the position is commonly referred to by the combined title Secretary-Treasurer

Boudin balls are commonly served in southern Louisiana restaurants and are made by taking the boudin out of the case and frying it in spherical form.

Consumer Safety Officers, more commonly called Investigators, are the individuals who inspect production and warehousing facilities, investigate complaints, illnesses, or outbreaks, and review documentation in the case of medical devices, drugs, biological products, and other items where it may be difficult to conduct a physical examination or take a physical sample of the product.

Robinson wrote that, where the Gospel narrative accounts can be checked for consistency with surviving material evidence, the account in the Gospel of John is commonly the more plausible ; that it is generally easier to reconcile the various synoptic accounts within John's narrative framework, than it is to explain John's narrative within the framework of any of the synoptics ; and that, where in the Gospel Jesus and his disciples are described as travelling around identifiable locations, the trips in question can always be plausibly followed on the ground, which he says is not the case for any synoptic Gospel.

This is not always the case in pre-1986 copper pipe where lead-containing solder was commonly used.

In writing, phrases commonly used, with debatable propriety, as alternatives to P " if and only if " Q include Q is necessary and sufficient for P, P is equivalent ( or materially equivalent ) to Q ( compare material implication ), P precisely if Q, P precisely ( or exactly ) when Q, P exactly in case Q, and P just in case Q.

" Judicial economy " most commonly refers to the refusal of a court to decide one or more claims raised in a case, on the grounds that it has decided other claims in the case and that its decision on those claims should satisfy the parties.

However, unlike the case of biological nomenclature, every level of language relationship is commonly called a family.

The alkali feldspars are most commonly in a series between potassium-rich orthoclase and sodium-rich albite ; in the case of plagioclase, the most common series ranges from albite to calcium-rich anorthite.

Although treated separately by some, the commonly used categorical schemes include them as mental disorders, albeit on a separate " axis II " in the case of the DSM.

He bases his case on a moral law, a " rule about right and wrong " commonly known to all human beings, citing the example of Nazism ; both Christians and atheists believed that Hitler's actions were morally wrong.

Mirrors are commonly used for personal grooming or admiring oneself ( in which case the archaic term looking-glass is sometimes still used ), decoration, and architecture.

However, as is the case on Earth, nitrogen and its compounds occur commonly as gases in the atmospheres of planets and moons that have atmospheres.

The expression " network effect " is applied most commonly to positive network externalities as in the case of the telephone.

In lieu of any evidence of the type commonly used for authorship attribution, Oxfordians discard the methods used by historians and employ other types of arguments to make their case, the most common being supposed parallels between Oxford's life and Shakespeare's works.

In object-oriented programming, operator overloading — less commonly known as operator ad-hoc polymorphism — is a specific case of polymorphism, where different operators have different implementations depending on their arguments.

The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case.

* bipolar disorder in severe mania and / or severe depression although it is possible to have severe mania and / or severe depression without psychosis as well, in fact that is more commonly the case

The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school.

He went on to say: " On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case.

And there was the case of Tom Hepker, a machinist, who was referred by a friend to a health machine quack who treated him with a so-called diagnostic machine for what Doctor Fraud said was a system full of arsenic and strychnine.

It is sometimes made with cola, in which case it is referred to as a Dirty Black Russian, as opposed to Clean when without it.

In either case, the institution that has control of monetary policy is referred to as the monetary authority.

It is sometimes referred to as an art form, because of the need for an attorney to know precisely how to elicit the testimony from the opposing witness that will help, not hinder, their client's case.

The case was re-investigated in early 2005, when the new law came into effect, and his case was referred to the Court of Appeal in November 2005 for permission for a new trial, which was granted.

In medicine, all medical practitioners trained in Canada receive the MD degree ( or MDCM in the case of graduates of McGill University ) and are referred to as " Doctor ".

This is why a public prosecution of a person whose surname is Smith would be referred to in writing as " R v Smith " ( or alternatively as " Regina v Smith " or " Rex v Smith " depending on the gender of the Sovereign reigning at the time of the case, Regina and Rex being Latin for " Queen " and " King " respectively ) ( and in either case may informally be pronounced as such ) and when cited orally in court would be pronounced " the Queen against Smith " or " the King against Smith " ( again depending on the gender of the reigning Sovereign ).

Chung Feng Ming Pen ( 中峰明本 1263 – 1323 ) wrote that kung-an is an abbreviation for kung-fu an-tu ( 公府之案牘, Pinyin gōngfǔ zhī àndú, pronounced in Japanese as kōfu no antoku ), which referred to a " public record " or the " case records of a public law court " in Tang-dynasty China.

Starting in 1942, they were also mounted on various British, Canadian and U. S. Lend-Lease trucks, in which case they were sometimes referred to as BM-13S.

In such a case, the theory is often referred to as a Yang-Mills theory, and is sometimes taken to be synonymous.

In June 2007, the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission decided that there may have been a miscarriage of justice and referred Megrahi's case back to Court of Criminal Appeal in Edinburgh for a second appeal.

The latter case is often referred as cell sorting.

Eichenwald referred to Whitacre's sentence as " excessive and a law enforcement failure " because Whitacre never received credit for his substantial cooperation in assisting the government with the massive price-fixing case.

" Judge Gerard L. Goettel instructed the jury that the case involved the Unification Church, Sun Myung Moon, and his followers, whom the judge stated were " sometimes referred to as Moonies.

NeXT's first workstation was officially named the NeXT Computer, although it was widely referred to as " the cube " because of its distinctive case, a 1 ft x 1 ft x 1 ft magnesium cube, an edict of Jobs ' designed by Apple IIc case designer Frogdesign.

Occitans, as a result of more than 200 years of conditioned suppression and humiliation ( see Vergonha ), seldom speak their own language in the presence of foreigners, whether they're from abroad or from outside Occitania ( in this case, often merely and abusively referred to as Parisiens or Nordistes, which means northerners ).

Black's Law Dictionary defines " precedent " as a " rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases.

The origin of the Parthenon's name is from the Greek word " παρθενών " ( parthenon ), which referred to the " virgin's apartments " in a house and in the Parthenon's case seems to have been used at first only for a particular room of the temple ; it is debated which room this is and how the room acquired its name.

An oar is often referred to as a blade in the case of sweep oar rowing and as a scull in the case of sculling.