In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms, but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole, a method created by Polykleitos.

In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason ( mind ) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ( ideai: ideas ).

Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as Edward Gibbon or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica:

Note that the above formula is only applicable to classical ideal gases and not Bose – Einstein or Fermi gases.

These could be the classical virtues — courage, temperance, justice, and wisdom — that promoted the Greek ideal of man as the " rational animal ", or the theological virtues — faith, hope, and love — that distinguished the Christian ideal of man as a being created in the image of God.

For a twentieth century thinker committed to the same ideal, government was an essential tool to the same end ... odern liberalism is instead the logical and sociological outcome of classical liberalism.

Gibbs showed that if we use the equation Z = ξ < sup > N </ sup >, the entropy of a classical ideal gas is

Adams was influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher David Hume.

Castiglione's tale took the form of a discussion among the nobility of the court of the Duke of Urbino, in which the characters determine that the ideal knight should be renowned not only for his bravery and prowess in battle, but also as a skilled dancer, athlete, singer and orator, and he should also be well-read in the Humanities and classical Greek and Latin literature.

The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature persisted until the middle of the twentieth century.

Other than Von Hornick, there were no mercantilist writers presenting an overarching scheme for the ideal economy, as Adam Smith would later do for classical economics.

Chiron's wedding-gift to Peleus when he married the nymph Thetis in classical Greek mythology, was an ashen spear as the nature of ashwood with its straight grain made it an ideal choice of wood for a spear.

An earlier example of a Utopian work from classical antiquity is Plato's The Republic, in which he outlines what he sees as the ideal society and its political system.

But in all other areas, he considered Mozart the ideal, with the perfect balance between " classical symmetry and the element of surprise ", and with works of clarity, perfect craftsmanship, and measured amounts of lyricism.

The work clashed with the classical ideal requiring a dying hero to express stoic restraint.

* the classical or Maxwell-Boltzmann ideal gas,

The classical ideal gas can be separated into two types: The classical thermodynamic ideal gas and the ideal quantum Boltzmann gas.

Both are essentially the same, except that the classical thermodynamic ideal gas is based on classical statistical mechanics, and certain thermodynamic parameters such as the entropy are only specified to within an undetermined additive constant.

The classical elements correspond more closely to four of the states of matter: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.

The classical mathematical puzzle known as water, gas, and electricity, the ( three ) utilities problem, or sometimes the three cottage problem, can be stated as follows:

The behavior of a quantum Boltzmann gas is the same as that of a classical ideal gas except for the specification of these constants.

The equation of state of a classical ideal gas is the ideal gas law

Real fluids at low density and high temperature approximate the behavior of a classical ideal gas.

By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an " electron gas " of classical, non-interacting electrons, the Drude model was able to explain electrical and thermal conductivity and the Hall effect in metals, although it greatly overestimated the electronic heat capacity.

Unlike a classical ideal gas, whose pressure is proportional to its temperature ( P = nkT / V, where P is pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of particles — typically atoms or molecules — k is Boltzmann's constant, and T is temperature ), the pressure exerted by degenerate matter depends only weakly on its temperature.

It is the ratio of specific heats of a gas at a constant-pressure to a gas at a constant-volume (), and arises because a classical sound wave induces an adiabatic compression, in which the heat of the compression does not have enough time to escape the pressure pulse, and thus contributes to the pressure induced by the compression.

For this reason, the pressure of a Fermi gas is non-zero even at zero temperature, in contrast to that of a classical ideal gas.

A classical example in which the behavior of volumes of gas is explained in terms of the molecules of the gas ( Kinetic theory ).

The three volumes of this work are a study of classical rabbinic theology and aggadah, as opposed to halakha ( Jewish law.

These arguments, and a discussion of the distinctions between absolute and relative time, space, place and motion, appear in a Scholium at the very beginning of Newton's work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ( 1687 ), which established the foundations of classical mechanics and introduced his law of universal gravitation, which yielded the first quantitatively adequate dynamical explanation of planetary motion.

This classical model was then improved by Arnold Sommerfeld who incorporated the Fermi-Dirac statistics of electrons and was able to explain the anomalous behavior of the specific heat of metals in the Wiedemann – Franz law.

According to Alan Ryan, the ideology of the original classical liberals argued against direct democracy, where law is made by majority vote by citizens, " for there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain rule of law.

In addition to Adam Smith's legacy, Say's law, Malthus theories of population and Ricardo's iron law of wages became central doctrines of classical economics.

His most important contribution to economic thinking was " Say's law ", which was interpreted by classical economists that there could be no overproduction in a market, and that there would always be a balance between supply and demand.

Diocletian's reign marks the end of the classical period of Roman law.

Where Diocletian's system of rescripts shows an adherence to classical tradition, Constantine's law is full of Greek and eastern influences.

Beyond academia and in the classical professions, such as law and medicine, professional doctorates emerged such as the Juris Doctor J. D., Doctor of Medicine ( M. D.

In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.

In classical thermodynamics, the concept of entropy is defined phenomenologically by the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases or remains constant.

The first step is the realization that classical mechanics and Newton's law of gravity admit of a geometric description.

In the classical limit, the theory would reduce to general relativity and conform to Newton's law of gravitation in the weak-field limit.

Halakha constitutes the practical application of the 613 mitzvot (" commandments ", singular: mitzvah ) in the Torah, ( the five books of Moses, the " Written Law ") as developed through discussion and debate in the classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud ( the " Oral law "), and as codified in the Mishneh Torah or Shulchan Aruch ( the Jewish " Code of Law ".

The dissenters, who included Rabbi Joel Roth as well as a partial concurrence by Rabbi Daniel Nevins, argued for reaffirming the classical halakhic framework in which human decrees inform and often limit but never wholly abrogate law believed to be of Divine origin, stating that " we should acknowledge that God's law is beyond our authority to eliminate ", but should continue the traditional approach of applying strict evidentiary rules and presumptions that tend to render enforcement unlikely.

Hawala has its origins in classical Islamic law and is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century.

" The prominent British-American orientalist Bernard Lewis argues that in the hadiths and the classical manuals of Islamic law jihad has a military meaning in the large majority of cases.

Within classical Islamic jurisprudence — the development of which is to be dated into the first few centuries after the prophets death — jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under Islamic law, and may consist in wars against unbelievers, apostates, rebels, highway robbers and dissenters renouncing the authority of Islam.

Natural law is sometimes identified with the maxim that " an unjust law is no law at all ", but as John Finnis, the most important of modern natural lawyers has argued, this maxim is a poor guide to the classical Thomist position.