In Elk v. Wilkins,, the clause's meaning was tested regarding whether birth in the United States automatically extended national citizenship.

The clause's meaning was tested again in the case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark.

Thereafter, he indicated his support for a broad view of the due process clause's reference to " liberty.

This despite the fact that the former meaning would make the coordinate clause's " We substitute something better or similar " tautological.

Alternate interpretations were also suggested for the subordinate clause's " cause to be forgotten " ( aw nansahā ), such as defer or leave.

But the injuries and stress as the reserve clause's conqueror had taken too much toll ; Messersmith pitched in only 11 games for the 1979 Dodgers, going 2-4 with a 4. 90 ERA, and retired after the Dodgers released him.

In 2008, a flurry of announcements revealed further developments with human same-sex reproduction, with a patent application filed by an American researcher specifically on methods for creating human female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation.

The application of the Oncale case has caused some difficulty in the lower federal courts, which have struggled with how to determine whether any particular case of same-sex harassment is " because of sex.

On March 30, 2006, the Supreme Judicial Court upheld the law's application to marriages of same-sex couples in Cote-Whitacre v. Department of Public Health, though the decision was complicated by uncertainty about the recognition of same-sex marriages in New York and Rhode Island.

In the fall of 2004, five same-sex couples brought an application in the Family Law Division of the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench, seeking a judgment requiring marriage licence issuers appointed by the provincial government to issue marriage licences to same-sex couples.

The application was based on the argument that the traditional common law definition of marriage discriminated against same-sex couples on the basis of sexual orientation, contrary to the equality clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

On 3 November 2004, the five same-sex couples appeared before Justice Donna Wilson on the application.

According to the voting advice application of Helsingin Sanomat, 90 MPs of the current 200-seat Parliament elected in April 2011 supported the inclusion of external adoption in same-sex couples ' rights, while 93 MPs opposed it.

After initially pleading " not guilty " to all charges and being released on bail Osho, on the advice of his lawyers, entered an " Alford plea "— a type of guilty plea through which a suspect does not admit guilt, but does concede there is enough evidence to convict him — to one count of having a concealed intent to remain permanently in the U. S. at the time of his original visa application in 1981 and one count of having conspired to have sannyasins enter into sham marriages to acquire U. S. residency.

It was also provided that the 1753 Act had no application to marriages celebrated overseas or in Scotland.

On March 30, 2006, the Supreme Judicial Court upheld the application of the law as it applies to marriages of same sex couples in a complex decision, Cote-Whitacre v. Department of Public Health, with three concurring decisions filed and one dissenting vote.

Collectively labeled under the heading of the so-called " war on terror ", the scope of such laws, policies and directives are challenged by civil rights organizations and numerous legislators for lack of definitional precision, arbitrary application of sanctions, and violation of privacy laws.

As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity.

The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between merchants has been modified by provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, which is a statute that has been enacted at least in part by every state ( Louisiana has enacted all of the UCC except for Article 2, as it prefers to maintain its civil law tradition governing the sale of goods ).

With the application of the fundamental ideals of communism, the new government under Pol Pot drove all urban residents into the countryside to work on communal farm and civil work projects.

To change a name, a Name Change application must be submitted to either the Ministry of Government Services, Court of justice or Registrar of civil status.

In civil cases, all or some of the substantive law issues decided by a state court may be determined under the law of another state or country, if that state's choice of law rules provide for the application of another state's laws.

They have the responsibility to ensure that all civil servants are recruited on the “ principle of selection on merit on the basis of fair and open competition .” They maintain a recruitment code on the interpretation and application of that principle, and approve any exceptions to it.

* the fact that many modern wars are essentially civil wars, in which the application of the laws of war is often difficult, and in which the distinction between soldier and civilian is particularly hard to maintain ;

Eligibility for civil service is based on a UN-administered examination offered worldwide, in addition to a competitive application process.

Leveller is the base technology for Daylon Landshaper Golf, a higher-end civil engineering application for the golf-course design industry.

Intestacy has a limited application in those jurisdictions that follow civil law or Roman law because the concept of a will is itself less important ; the doctrine of forced heirship automatically gives a deceased person's next-of-kin title to a large part ( forced estate ) of the estate's property by operation of law, beyond the power of the deceased person to defeat or exceed by testamentary gift.

The application of the concept of civil religion to the United States was in large part the work of sociologist Robert Bellah.

A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering ; the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.

Retroactive application of law is prohibited by the Article 3 of the Polish civil code, and the legal rule prohibiting such retroactive application is commonly memorised as a Latin sentence Lex retro non agit (" A law does not apply retroactively ").

Kunstler also joined a group of lawyers criticizing the application of Alabama's civil libel laws and spoke at a rally against HUAC.

The term is used in two ways: a survey township is simply a geographic reference used to define property location for deeds and grants ; a civil township is a unit of local government, originally rural in application.

Chlodwig's application to be excused the preliminary steps, which involved several years ' work in subordinate positions in the Prussian civil service, was refused by King Frederick William IV.

Provides solutions for virtually any construction industry application encompassing such diverse businesses as surface rock quarrying, tunneling, excavation, demolition, road building, recycling and civil engineering.

The method of application of the death penalty for civil capital offences in France 1791-1981 was beheading with the guillotine.

Overseas couples wishing to register their partnership in the UK, must reside in the country for seven days prior to application for the partnership, and wait a further fifteen days before the civil partnership may be formed.

The transformation of the state administration from a technical apparatus for the application of norms to a mean of political leadership was the central idea in Stuckart's model: the ideal Nazi civil servant was not to be a passive lawyer of the bygone " liberal constitutional state ", but a " pioneer of culture, coloniser and political and economic creator ".

Confiscation of assets does not include the application of said assets to pay for civil responsibilities caused by a crime, or when used to pay taxes or other fines.

However, these distinctions become blurred, as the application of theonomy typically increases the authority of the civil government ; prominent advocates of Christian Reconstructionism have written that according to their understanding, God's law approves of the death penalty not only for murder, but also for propagators of all forms of idolatry, active homosexuals, adulterers, practitioners of witchcraft, and blasphemers, and perhaps even recalcitrant youths ( see the List of capital crimes in the Bible ).

Senator McClellan is proposing the application of anti-trust measures to unions in transportation.

Unlike the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ), which adopts a less interventionist approach to the way the parties conduct collective bargaining or resolve their disputes arising under collective bargaining agreements, the RLA specifies both ( 1 ) the negotiation and mediation procedures that unions and employers must exhaust before they may change the status quo, and ( 2 ) the methods for resolving " minor " disputes over the interpretation or application of collective bargaining agreements.

A more recent law, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ), which came into effect in 1992, prohibits private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training, or in the terms, conditions and privileges of employment.

The AFL concentrated its political efforts during the last decades of the Gompers administration on securing freedom from state control of unions — in particular an end to the court's use of labor injunctions to block the right to organize or strike and the application of the anti-trust laws to criminalize labor's use of pickets, boycotts and strikes.

Instead the US Progressive Era led to a breakup of the trusts, notably the application of the Sherman Antitrust Act to Standard Oil in 1911 ; at the same time, reforms such as labor unions rights passed during the Progressive Era with further reforms during the New Deal of the 1930s.

His first major legislative initiative was Bill 26 ( 1996 ), which required unions to disclose the salaries of their officials and indicate how membership dues were spent, mandated union certification votes to take place within seven days of an application, and granted employees the right to prevent their dues from being donated to political parties.

The main application of train tracks in mathematics is to study laminations of surfaces, that is, partitions of closed subsets of surfaces into unions of smooth curves.

Due to the inaction of Melbourne Trades Hall, twenty seven left wing unions had caucused together in response to the perceived attacks on unionism by the widespread application of fines.